T/F: The kidneys are long, thin muscular tubes
False
T/F: The bladder drains into the ureters
False
A person sustained blunt force trauma
... [Show More] to the back at the T5 level with no spinal cord injury. Would you expect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not?
No, the kidneys lie between T-12 and L-3
Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal capsule
The renal capsule is a tough fibrous outer skin of the kidney which protects it from injury and infection
Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal adipose capsule
Outside of the renal capsule is a fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma
Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal fascia
The outer renal fascia is composed of dense, fibrous CT which functions to anchor the kidney in place in the abdominal cavity
Renal medulla sections
The renal medulla is divided into sections called pyramids that point toward the center of the kidney
Outer layer of the kidney and the parts of the nephrons located in this region
Cortex- located within the cortex are the glomerular capsule and the PCT and DCT sections of the nephrons
These arteries flow in between the renal pyramids
Interlobar arteries
After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels
Efferent arterioles
Which of the following is true about the location of the bladder?
A. In males, the rectum is anterior to the bladder
B. In females, the vagina is behind the bladder
C. In females, the bladder sits above the uterus
D. In males, the bladder is below the prostate gland
E. B&C are true
F. A&D are true
B. In females, the vagina is behind the bladder
Which of the following is false about the location of the bladder?
A. In males, the bladder is anterior to the rectum
B. In females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus
C. In females, the bladder is in between the rectum and the uterus
D. In males, the bladder is above the prostate glands
E. B&C are false
F. A&D are false
E. B&C are false:
In females the bladder is posterior to the uterus & in females, the bladder is between the rectum and the uterus
Describe the purpose of the urethral sphincters
-Involuntarily-controlled internal urethral sphincter is located near the bladder and keeps the urethra closed to prevent urine from leaving the bladder
-Voluntarily-controlled external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor
Based strictly on anatomical structural differences, are males or females more likely to get a UTI? Explain your answer
Females, the female urethra is shorter and only carries urine while the male urethra is about 5 times longer. Since the female urethra is short and the external opening is close to the anus, improper wiping or poor hygiene after defecation can easily carry fecal bacteria into the urethra. Bacteria enter the urethra and travel up to the bladder, causing a urinary tract infection (UTI).
A patient was just placed under general anesthesia. He is now awake and telling you he is having a hard time excreting urine. What is most likely causing the difficulty?
Urinary retention due to slowed detrusor muscle
This region of the male urethra exits the bladder
Prostatic
This region of the male urethra exits the body
Spongy
What causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
The afferent arteriole, which is fed by the interlobular artery, is much larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole. The difference in diameter causes an extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Micturition can be controlled consciously because of:
Voluntary control over the external urethral sphincter
Describe the difference between the two types of nephrons
Cortical nephrons are in the cortex region of the kidney, except for a portion of their loop of henle which extends into the medulla.
Justamedullary nephrons pass deeply into the medulla because of their location and their longer loops of henle
For micturition to occur
The internal sphincter relaxes and the external sphincter relaxes
This is the pressure that depends upon the amount of proteins in the filtrate
Colloid osmotic pressure
This is the pressure that depends upon a person's blood pressure from the heart and vessels
Hydrostatic pressure
Calculate the NFP for your patient given the following values
COP: 25
Capsular pressure: 15
Hydrostatic pressure: 50
GFR: 120
(Outgoing forces-incoming forces)
HP- (COP+Capsular)
50- (25+15)
=10mmHg (net outward pressure)
Describe in detail how the kidney controls its own rate of blood flow through the nephron
Renal autoregulation: the kidney determines its own blood flow by controlling the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. Due to this autoregulation, the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure in the rest of the body
Describe in detail what happens during an emergency to control the rate of blood to the kidney
The renal autoregulatory system becomes superseded by higher level nervous system controls. When the nervous system takes over regulation, the afferent arterioles diameter is narrowed by sympathetic nerve fibers. The release of the hormone epinephrine by the adrenal medulla causes a decrease in renal blood flow and decreases the GFR. Constriction of the renal arteries is only to be used for a short period of time
Which of the following statements is true concerning the RAA system?
A. It responds when blood pressure becomes too high
B. Angiotensinogen is a pre-enzyme produced by the adrenal glands
C. Renin is released by the cells inside the nephron
D. Renin causes dilation of the afferent and efferent arterioles
E. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the liver
C. Renin is released by cells inside the nephron
Which of the following statements is false concerning the RAA system?
A. Aldosterone causes the retention of sodium ions
B. It responds when blood pressure becomes too high
C. Angiotensin II acts to cause vasoconstriction in blood vessels
D. Renin is released by the cells inside the nephron
E. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
B. It responds when blood pressure becomes too high
The greatest amount of reabsorption occurs in the
PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
The greatest amount of ________ occurs in the cells of the PCT
Reabsorption
T/F: Na+ can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb
True
Which of the following is false concerning ADH?
A. ADH is produced by the hypothalamus
B. ADH is produced in response the dehydration conditions
C. ADH retains up to 99% of the water in the filtrate
D. ADH does not respond during severe blood loss
D. ADH does not respond during severe blood loss
Which of the follow is true concerning ADH?
A. It is produced by the adrenal glands
B. It is produced in response to increase water in the blood
C. It retains up to 99% of water in the filtrate
D. It is unable to respond during severe blood loss
C. It retains up to 99% of water in the filtrate
What is countercurrent flow? How does the nephron use this to maintain homeostasis?
The movement of fluids in opposite directions through adjacent channels. In the nephron, filtrate flows in one direction through the renal tubules while blood in the adjacent blood vessels flows in the opposite direction.
Describe how aldosterone release occurs apart from the RAA system
Aldosterone can be released directly in response to high K+ levels or low Na+ ion levels in the extracellular compartment
Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and hydrogen in the filtrate
Sodium is removed from the filtrate while hydrogen is pumped inside the filtrate
Describe the action of alcohol (diuretic) on urinary output
Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH
Which of the following is true regarding cardiovascular baroreceptors?
A. They are mechanoreceptors found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus
B. They are in the lungs and the kidneys
C. These are chemoreceptors found in the hypothalamus
D. They are regulated by the hypoglossal and spinal accessory cranial nerves
A. They are mechanoreceptors found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus
Which of the following is an abnormal solute in urine?
A. Urea
B. Nitrogenous wastes
C. Ammonia
D. Magnesium
E. Bile pigment
E. Bile pigment
Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment
Intracellular
Urine with a pH of 5.0 is
Within normal range; acidic
The bicarbonate buffer system
A. generally takes several days to respond
B. is the main buffer system of urine
C. is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid
D. cause hypoventilation in the respiratory system
E. all of the above
C. Is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid
The protein buffer system:
A. generally takes several hours to respond
B. causes hyperventilation in the respiratory system
C. is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid
D. is the main buffer system of the intracellular fluid
E. all of the above
D. Is the main buffer system of the intracellular fluid
A person is hyperventilating. This falls under what control mechanism? Explain what hyperventilation accomplishes
Respiratory control mechanism- hyperventilation is an increase in the respiratory rate, helping to remove additional CO2 from the body. In minutes, this mechanism reduces CO2 in the body. Removing CO2 uses up H+ causing the pH to rise (becoming more alkaline) and restores the correct blood pH
What control mechanism can remove acids and bases from the body
Renal control mechanism (kidneys)
Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with emphysema.
pH= 6.5
PCO2= 60 mmHg
HCO3= 34 mEq/L
A. Determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis
B. Is this cause respiratory or metabolic?
C. Is the condition being compensated?
D. If compensated, what is the body doing to compensate?
A. Acidosis (pH<7.35)
B. Respiratory (PCO2>45mm)
C. Yes, increased HCO3 (>26)
D. Kidney retention of HCO3 to raise pH
Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure.
pH= 7.1
PCO2= 30mm
HCO3-= 20mEq/L
A. Determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis
B. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic?
C. Is the condition being compensated?
D. If compensated, what is the body doing to compensate?
A. Acidosis (pH <7.35)
B. Metabolic (HCO3- <22)
C. Yes, PCO2 <35mm
D. Hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination [Show Less]