Anatomy
The science of body structures and their relationships
Dissection
analysis; cutting apart in order to examine. Used to study
... [Show More] anatomy
physiology
the science of body functions
what are the 6 levels of structural organization from smallest of largest.
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organismal
Describe the Chemical level of structural organization.
atoms and molecules. eg. DNA Glucose
Describe the Cellular level of structural organization.
cells (molecules combine) eg. nerve cells, muscle cells
Describe the Tissue level of structural organization.
groups of cells.
Describe the organ level of structural organization.
tissues join together
Describe the system level of structural organization.
related organs
Describe the organismal level of structural organization.
any living individual
what are the 4 types of tissue?
1. epithelial - body surface, lines hollow organs and cavities
2. connective - connects, supports, protects organs, distributes blood vessels
3. muscular - moves body parts
4. nervous - carries information
what are the 11 systems of the human body?
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
Integumentary system
Components: skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil gland
Skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
Muscular system
Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint
Nervous system
Composed of neurons (cell, axon, dendrite), central nervous system (brain, spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (nerves of the body). Recieves, interpretes and transmits impulses and responses. Responsible for sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing (five senses), heart rate, breathing, speech, movement.
Endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Lymphatic system
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; Involved with immunity; Without the system, the body would swell ad fluid becomes trapped in your tissues
Respiratory system
A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Digestive system
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and prepares solid waste for removal from the body. includes the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus)
Urinary System
(excretory system) a system that helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, chloride, potassium) balance within the body; regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes nitrogen-containing wastes(byproducts of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids) from the body. Contains the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Reproductive system
Composed of structures that form gametes, enable fertilization, support the development of the fetus, and enable the birth of a child. Gonads and associated organs
what are the 6 important life processes of the body?
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
what are the two types of metaboilism. describe
Catabolism - breakdown of substances
Anabolism - building of substances
Responsiveness
Body's ability to detect and respond to changes
Movement
motion of the whole body
Growth
Increase in body size
Differentiation
cell development (unspecialized --> specialized) ie. stem cells
Reproduction
Formation of new cells for tissue growth or production of a new individual
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
intracellular fluid
fluid inside cells ICF
extracellular fluid
fluid outside cells ECF
what is another name for extracellular fluid?
interstitial fluid
Explain the effects of stress on homeostasis
most stress is psychological (school,work etc.) and homeostatic changes are mild and temporary and responses of body cells can quickly restore balance. In larger disruptions (poisoning, surgery, infections) the body uses many regulatory systems to restore homeostasis such as nervous system (produces action potentials to organs) endocrine system ( secretes hormones into blood). nerve impulses act quickly, hormones are more slow acting. Work through positive and negative feedback systems.
Feedback system
cycle of events in which body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-evaluated...
Receptor
body structure that monitors change in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
control center
sets range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained
effector
body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition
afferent pathway
sends info towards the control center
efferent pathway
sends info away from the control center
describe a negative feedback system
reverses a change in the controlled condition (negates the original stimulus)
example: increase in BP (caused by external stimulus)
- Barroreceptors detect increase pressure
- nerve impulses sent to brain
- nerve impulses sent from brain to heart and blood vessels
- heart rate decreases and blood vessels dialate
- blood pressure normalizes
Positive feedback
strengthens a change in controlled condition
example: childbirth
- oxytocin is released from the pituitary gland
- this causes smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
- contraction of the uterus causes oxytocin to be released causing more smooth muscle contractions of the uterus
explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease
Most people experience good health because their body is able to maintain homeostasis and recover from lifes stressors. If your environment, behaviour or genes interfere with this homeostasis then the body may not be able to recover and disease may ensue.
disorder
Any abnormality of structure or function.
disease
A detectable alteration in normal tissue function.
symptom
Subjective changes in body functions - not apparent to oberver
sign
objective changes that can observe/measure
anatomical position
subject stands erect, facing the observer with head level and eyes facing forward. Feet are flat on the ground and directed forward. Upper limbs are at sides with palms turned forward. Body is upright.
prone
body lying face down
supine
body lying face up
planes
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts
sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
midsagittal plane (median plane)
the single sagittal plane that divides body into EQUAL L & R halves
midline
An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.
parasagittal plane
Divides body into unequal right and left sides
frontal (coronal plane)
passing through the body side to side to create an anterior and posterior section
transverse plane (cross-sectional, horizontal)
A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions, and it cuts perpendicular ( degrees) to the main body axis
oblique plane
By contrast, passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any other angle than a 90 degree angle-diagonal).
section
a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes
body cavities
spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs
cranial cavity
formed by cranial bones and contains brain
vertebral (spinal) cavity
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
meninges
Are three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord to form a complete enclosure (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater).
thoracic cavity
chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
pleural cavity
each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
mediastinum
central position of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
diaphragm
(anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
abdominopelvic cavity
Contains: abdominal & pelvic cavities
abdominal cavity
contain stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine and internal organs of reproduction.
viscera
organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities [Show Less]