T or F: The cardiovascular system is the study of the organs of the body.
False- it is the study of the heart, blood and vessels.
T or F: The
... [Show More] tough, thick sac that encloses the heart and anchors it to the diagram is the pericardium.
True
T or F: The abdominal cavity contains the heart.
False- pericardial cavity inside the thoracic cavity
Which layer of the heart is continuous with the blood vessels linings?
Endocardium
T or F: The left ventricle faces anteriorly, towards the sternum.
False- the right ventricle faces anteriorly (closest to the sternum).
Describe the location of the heart to the diaphragm.
The diaphragm is located inferior to the heart. (The heart is located superior to the diaphragm.)
The two upper chambers of the heart are called_____________.
Atria
The two lower chambers of the heart are called _______________.
Ventricles
What is the purpose of the fossa ovalis in a fetus?
It allows fetal blood to move directly from right to left atrium, bypassing he undeveloped lungs. The fossa ovalis closes during birth so that the lungs can receive oxygen once the baby is born.
What is the purpose of the mitral valve?
The mitral valve (bicuspid) controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
What is the purpose of veins?
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
True or False: Veins are primarily responsible for the vessel's ability to control peripheral resistance.
False- the arterioles.
How does the contraction and relaxation of the arterioles help to control blood pressure?
Contracting the arterioles increases the blood pressure through decreasing the available volume. Relaxation of the arterioles decreases blood pressure as the volume increases.
What does compliance mean?
Stretch with little recoil
What are the three layers of a vessel?
Tunica externa (superficial), tunica media, tunica intima (closest to the lumen)
True or false: Only arteries contain a tunica media.
False- all vessels contain three layers but in differing proportions.
Capillaries are interconnected to form _____________.
Capillary beds
Label all the blood vessels which supply blood to the heart. It is required for you to recognize the orientation of the heart in the picture. For example, what is the artery highlighted in blue in the figure below?
Left coronary artery
The aortic arch becomes the __________as it moves inferiorly.
descending aorta
What are the three branches off the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk (right), left common carotid, left subclavian
What is unique about the Circle of Willis?
The Circle of Willis has a unique feature of providing alternate circulation in case one of the arteries becomes blocked.
Label all vessels of the Circle of Willis circulation. For example, what vessel is highlighted in blue below?
Internal carotid (left)
True or False: Blood is classified as epithelial tissue.
False- connective tissue
What is the cell portion of blood called?
Formed elements
How is serum made?
Letting blood sit in a tube until it clots and then centrifuging the sample to separate the solid and liquid portions of the blood.
True or false: Osmotic pressure pushes fluid into the tissues.
False-pushes fluid into the circulatory system
What is the average pH of blood?
7.4
What is the shape of red blood cells?
Biconcave disks
What is the purpose of hemoglobin?
To carry oxygen, which loosely combines with iron inside the hemoglobin
What is average life span of a red blood cell?
120 days
True or False: Once it dies, all portions of the red blood cell is destroyed and excreted.
False- the iron can be recycled and returned to the red bone marrow.
True or False: White blood cells are smaller than red blood cells.
False
What are the contents of pus?
The thick, yellowish fluid called pus contains a large proportion of dead white blood cells that have fought the infection and then undergo cell death.
What are the three main types of white blood cells?
Granulocytes, agranulocytes and lymphocytes.
What are platelets?
Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in the process of blood clotting, or coagulation. Platelets are not true "cells", but instead are fragments of a large bone marrow predecessor called a megakaryocyte.
What is the coagulation cascade?
A series of events to start the blood clotting mechanism
What converts prothrombin to thrombin?
Prothrombin activator
What is the purpose of fibrin?
Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the framework for the clot.
What is plasmin?
As soon as blood vessel repair is initiated, an enzyme called plasmin destroys the fibrin network and restores the fluidity of plasma.
What are the pulmonary and system circuits?
The right circuit is called the pulmonary circuit, sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left circuit is called the systemic circuit, sending the oxygenated blood to the cells.
What are the inferior and superior vena cavae?
They return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
The __________are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart.
pulmonary arteries
The pulmonary veins return blood to the ______.
Left atrium
Diastole refers to ______.
Relaxation
Systole refers to ______ .
Contraction
True or False: each heartbeat typically lasts longer than 2 seconds.
False (less than 1).
True of False: The atria contraction time is much longer than the ventricles.
False
True or False: The heart sounds are of the valves opening.
False
How does the nervous system and endocrine system interact with the heart?
The heart rate is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system which can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat and blood pressure.
What is the purpose of the bulb?
The bulb portion is squeezed to inflate the bladder with air.
What is the purpose of valves inside the veins?
Prevents the backward flow of blood.
What portion is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
Following the bundle of His, where does the electrical impulse travel next?
Purkinje fibers
The impulse of the SA node causes contraction of the ______.
Atria
What is an EKG?
A device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart
What is the P-wave?
Atrial depolarization and atrial systole
What is edema?
Fluid accumulation
What is pulmonary edema?
Fluid in the lungs
Hypertension is blood pressure significantly higher than:
120/80
What is atherosclerosis?
Accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials inside the arteries.
What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?
A stationary blood clot is called a thrombus. If a blood clot dislodges and moves along with blood it is called an embolus.
PE is an abbreviation for:
Embolism
What is the medial term for a heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
What is angina pectoris?
Chest pain (in a heart attack, pain often radiates down the left arm)
Name at least one other heart attack symptom:
shortness of breath, upset stomach, extreme fatigue, pain or pressure in the chest
Streptokinase is a drug given to______.
Dissolve a blood clot
Name two surgical procedures available to clear clogged arteries.
Angioplasty, coronary artery bypass [Show Less]