This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system.
Nerve
This part of the autonomic system increases
... [Show More] digestion.
Parasympathetic
The dorsal root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?
Sensory (afferent)
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Axon
A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:
A. central nervous system
B. peripheral nervous system
C. Autonomic system
D. Somatic system
E. A&C
F. B&D
F. B&D
The neuron pictured, below, is best described as:
A. Bipolar
B. Multipolar
C. Unipolar
D. Pseudounipolar
B. Multipolar
True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another.
True
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.
The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals
An efferent neuron carries information:
A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system
B. From the peripheral to the central nervous system
C. Within the central nervous system
D. Within the peripheral nervous system
A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system
A postsynaptic neuron would be found:
A. before the synapse
B. after the synapse
C. inside the synapse
D. Only in the central nervous system
B. after the synapse
What is the location and function of Satellite cells?
Location: peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies
A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?
No, only the peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is the central nervous system
Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.
This is phase 4: afterpolarization (hyperpolarization), the potassium gates are slow to clse and that results in an undershoot of the potential, the voltage will drop below -70mV and the return to the restign state beings.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:
A. -70 mV
B. +40 mV
C. Hyperpolarized
D. Depolarized
A. -70 mV
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?
A. it maintains the resting phase of an axon
B. For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in
C. it must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state
D. The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane
D. The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane
True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning
False, there is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or-nothing response). There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing
Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction?
A. Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron
B. Calcium ions release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cause muscle contraction
C. Sodium channels open on the muscle fibers in response to the neurotransmitter
D. The NMJ is found in the peripheral nervous system
A. Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron
What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished?
The short extension of neurotransmitters in the synpase prevents coninous stimulation. Some synapses contain enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synpases rapidly absord the neurotransmitters.
What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron.
False (only one direction in the same neuron)
True or False: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain
False
Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system.
sensory (afferent)
Where is the integration center of a reflex located?
CNS (central nervous system)
Which of the following is false about reflexes?
A. Reflexes do not require higher levels of voluntary processing from the brain
B.Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex
C. Some reflexes can be tested to determine injury
D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary
D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary
What is false about the stretch reflex?
A. the effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle
B. The patellar reflex test the stretch reflex of the quadriceps femoris
C. The muscle is spindle detects stretch within the muscle
D. Stretch reflexes help to decrease the stretch on a muscle
A. The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?
A. It does not involve interneurons
B. It involves excitatory interneurons
C. It involves inhibitory interneurons
D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
E. A&D
F. B& C
F. B&C
Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.
Stretch reflex: Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon), muscle spindle detects stretch, afferent (sensory) neuron through the DRG, spinal cord, synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent)
No interneuron
action: to muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)
Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and legs. Explain why this would occur.
Myelin increase nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for protection
This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.
Pia mater (menix)
The _______ fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Median longitudinal
Describe the function of the brain ventricles.
There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with CSF which is produced there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space bathing and floating the brain
All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:
A. maintain homeostasis
B. controls the pituitary gland
C. links the nervous and endocrine systems
D. relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum
D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum
This ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum.
A. lateral
B. Medial
C. Third
D. Fourth
D. Fourth
This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information.
A. Primary sensory cortex
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Association area
D. Precentral gyrus
E. Postcentral gyrus
C. Association area
A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?
A. Broca's area
B. Wernicke's area
C. Occipital lobe
D. Parietal lobe
E. Primary motor cortex
A. Broca's area
Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region.
Memories are not stored in one specific area within the brain but instead are stored throughout the cerebral hemispheres. The hippocampus acts as a memory center to help with memory storage and retrieval. The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories
Which statement is false concerning the brainstem?
A. The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord
B. The pons helps to regulate breathing
C. The midbrain contains the superior and inferior colliculi
D. The medulla contains reflex centers to regulate vasoconstriction
A. The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord
Which of the following is false concerning the cerebellum?
A. The gray matter is external while the mater is internal
B. The cerebellar peduncles are located posteriorly
C.The anterior lobe receives information from the body trunk
D. The vermis coordinates arm movements
B. The cerebellar peduncles are located posteriorly
Alzheimer's disease impacts which region(s) of the brain?
A. occipital lobe
B. Frontal lobe
C. Parietal lobe
D. Hippocampus
E. All of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following is false concerning a CVA?
A. An ischemic stroke is also know as a "brain bleed"
B. A TIA is form of an ischemic stroke
C. Stroke survivors may regain some lost functions through therapy
D. A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel
A. An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed"
A patient has decreased hand strength in her right hand. She also has numbness in her first three digits. What is most likely the cause?
A. Spinal cord injury
B. Carpal tunnel syndrome
C. Ulnar nerve damage
D. CVA in the parietal lobe
B. Carpal tunnel syndrome
Label the following spinal cord regions in the diagram below:
1: _____________________
3: _____________________
4: _____________________
6: _____________________
11: ____________________
1. Lateral column
3. Gray commissure
4. Anterior column
6. Anterior/Ventral Horn
11. Ventral Root
5. Lateral column
9. Posterior Medain sulcus
13. DRG
What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below?
A. Optic
B. Oculomotor
C. Trochlear
D. Abducens
E. Spinal accessory
B. Oculomotor
What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it control? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow)
A. Mixed; sensation of digestive tract and regulation of heart rate
B. Motor; tongue movement
C. Sensory: hearing and balance
D. Mixed; Facial muscles and taste
D. Mixed; facial muscles and taste
Which of the following is true about the trigeminal nerve?
A. The mandibular branch receives sensory information from taste buds
B. The ophthalmic branch controls eye movements
C. The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip
D. The maxillary branch controls the muscles of mastication
C. The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip
Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Answer by writing the letter (A-J) from the figure that corresponds with the correct cranial nerve.
1. This cranial nerve receives sensory information for smell.
2. This cranial nerve controls the inferior oblique muscle.
3. This cranial nerve has three branches.
4.This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the anterior portion of the tongue.
5. This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the posterior portion of the tongue.
1. A (olfactory)
2. C (oculomotor)
3. D (trigeminal)
4. F (Facial)
5. H (Glossopharyngeal)
Label the nerves (A-C) in the figure below:
A: _________________
B: _________________
C: _________________
A. Radial
B. Ulnar
C. Median
The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves:
A. T12- L04
B. L04-SO4
C. C01-C05
D. L01-S01
A. T12-L04
A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What region of the spine is most likely damaged?
A. L01-L05
B. S01-S05
C.T01-T12
D.C03-C05
D. C03-C05
A patient damaged the radial nerve. What action is most likely limited?
A. Elbow flexion
B. Hip Extension
C. Wrist flexion
D. Wrist extension
D. wrist extension
A patient has decreased sensation over the posterior surface of the thigh. What nerve is most likely damaged?
A. Femoral
B. Sciatic
C. Saphenous
D. Common fibular nerve
B. Sciatic
Which of the following is true concerning the brachial plexus?
A. Roots are located furthest from the spinal cord
B. There are anterior and posterior divisions
C. Divisions branch next into two cord: anterior and posterior
D. The posterior cord forms the median nerve
B. There are anterior and posterior divisions
These contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head and limbs.
A. sympathetic trunk ganglia
B. Celiac ganglion
C. Superiomesenteric ganglion
D.Inferior mesenteric ganglion
E. Ciliary ganglion
A. Sympathetic trunk ganglia
Which of the following is false concerning the sympathetic nervous system?
A. It is also called the thoracolumbar division
B. It is also called the craniosacral division
C. The primary neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
D. It inhibits the digestive tract
B. It is also called the cranisosacral divison
A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity in which division of her nervous system? Explain your answer.
You are trying to increase the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system as it also sometimes called the "housekeeper system" because it promotes all the internal responses we associate with a relaxed state. The parasympathetic system also acts to slow the heart rate
If someone sustains an injury to the area of the spinal cord, as shown below by the blue oval, would you be more likely to see paralysis or decreased sensation? Explain your answer.
You would be more likely to see paralysis (muscular weakness) because motor neurons exit the spinal cord anteriorly
One of your patients sustained an ischemic CVA. You notice that their gait is very unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke? Explain your answer.
The cerebellum was most likely affected as it is responsible for coordinating body movements including gait
What sense does not have specialized sense organs?
A. smell
B. touch
C. equilibrium
D. A&C
B. touch
The outer fibrous layer of the eye includes the:
A. sclera and cornea
B. ciliary body and iris
C. pupil and retina
D. Lens and vitreous fluid
A. sclera and cornea
The middle layer of the eye includes which regions?
A. aqueous humor and cornea
B. Ciliary body and iris
C. Cones and rods
D. optic nerve and retina
B. Ciliary body and iris
True or false: The more numerous type of photoreceptors are rods.
True
What is the correct order of how light passes through the eye?
A. Cornea, lens, pupil, retina
B. Lens, retina, cornea, pupil
C. Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, retina
D. Lens, vitreous fluid, cornea, retina
C. Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, retina
A patient had a CVA in the area indicated by the red x in the figure, below. What type of blindness is the patient most likely to incur?
Explain your reasoning
A. Left eye blindness
B. Right eye blindness
C. Bilateral left visual field blindness
D. Bilateral right visual field blindness.
C
The right optic tract is damaged. All the sensory information from the left visual fields travels together after the optic chiasm to the right side of the brain
A patient is found to have blindness in the right eye. What part of the vision pathway was most likely damaged? Explain your response
A. Optic chiasm
B. Occipital lobe
C. Left optic nerve
D. Right optic nerve
D
Information from the right visual field has not yet crossed at the optic chiasm. Both peripheral and nasal fields of the right eye would be missing
True or False: The lateral fibers of the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm.
False - medial fibers cross
The ________ is controlled by the trochlear nerve.
A. superior rectus
B. medial rectus
C. lateral rectus
D. superior oblique
D. superior oblique
Your elderly patient is discussing her vision problems. She describes her vision as blurry. Following a visual examination, her left eye deviates medially when looking straight ahead. What is most likely causing the vision problem? Explain your reasoning
A. Cataracts
B. Abducens nerve damage
C. Brain tumor in the occipital lobe
D. Medial rectus damage
E. Superior rectus damage
B
The abducens nerve controls the lateral rectus. Damage to the lateral rectus would cause there to be a muscle imbalance, and the medial rectus would pull the eye medially when looking straight ahead, causing blurry vision (Diplopia)
Match the numbers (1-5) in the figure below with the correct terms (A-H).
Note: not all terms will be used.
1- A: Scala Tympani
2- B: Facial Nerve
3- C: Tympanic Membrane
4- D: Cochlear duct
5- E: Organ of Corti
F: External acoustic meatus
G: Cochlear Nerve
H: Scala Vestibuli
1: H. Scala Vestibuli
2: D. Choclear Duct
3: E. Organ of corti
4: A. Scala tympani
5: G. Chochlear Nerve
Other Incorrect Match Options:
B. Facial Nerve
C. Tympanic Membrane
F. External acoustic meatus
Which of the following statements is true regarding the external ear?
A. the lobule contains cartilage
B. The auricle funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus
C. The helix does not contain cartilage
D. The external acoustic meatus travels through the parietal bone
B. The auricle funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus
Which of the following statements is true regarding the middle ear?
A. it is filled with fluid
B. it is filled with air
C. The malleus receives vibrations from the stapes
D. The stapes receives vibrations from the cochlea
B. It is filled with air
Which of the following statement is true regarding the inner ear?
A. the organ of corti is responsible for the body's auditory sense
B. It is filled with air
C. The cochlea is responsible for the body's vestibular sense
D. There are two semicircular canals which house sensory receptors
A. The organ of corti is responsible for the body's auditory sense
Place the terms (A-H) in the correct order for the hearing pathway.
Note: not all terms will be used.
Sound waves are funneled in the ___1_____.
Vibrations push against the __2_____ which moves the ossicles.
The stapes pushes against the ___3____.
Movement of the ___4____ causes neurons to send impulses through the __5___ to the brain.
1: auditory canal
2: tympanic membrane
3: Cochlear duct
4: Stereocilia
5: Cochlear nerve
Label the figure below with the correct papillae: (A-C).
A:
B:
C:
A: Filiform
B: Circumvallate
C: Fungiform
True or false: Olfaction is a chemical sense activated by chemical substances dissolved in the nasal mucous membranes.
True
Which of the following is not one of the primary odors in humans?
A. Floral
B. Musky
C. Pungent
D. Putrid
E. Pheromones
E. Pheromones
A person cannot perceive tastes from the posterior portion of the tongue. What nerve is most likely damaged?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
A bolus is formed by the ?
A. Nasal Mucosa
B. Tongue
C. Temporal lobe
D. Oculomotor nerve
B. Tongue
The papillae that do not contain taste buds are
Filiform papillae
A patient has lost his sense of smell following a car accident. What term should be documented should to describe his loss of smell?
Anosmia
True or False: The tongue only contains receptors that are chemoreceptors for taste.
False
Describe the steps in the olfactory pathway. Begin in the nasal cavity and end in the specific lobe of the brain.
-Chemicals dissolve in nasal mucosa
-Detected by olfactory receptors (bipolar cells)
-Olfactory nerves, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, temporal lobe
A patient sustains an injury to the malleus. What type of deafness does this patient most likely have? Explain your answer
Conduction deafness occurs from damage to the outer or middle ear structures. The malleus is part of the middle ear structures [Show Less]