Autotrophs
organism that can use raw materials from environment to assemble its own carbon based molecules
(green plants and
... [Show More] bacteria)
Heterotrophs
consuming other organisms to obtain essential molecules
(animals)
light reaction
part one of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from light, and transfers it to energy carrier molecules
calvin cycle
part two of photosynthesis that receives the transferred energy and uses it to make carbon based molecules
photons
packets of kinetic energy found in light
red
what color of light has long wavelength and low frequency
blue
what color of light has short wavelength and high frequency
chlorophyll
captures waves in plants to give its color. good at absorbing red and blue but can't absorb green (why plants are green)
photosynthetic cells
where are chloroplasts found in plants
thylakoid
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.
- photons absorbed in photosystem 2
- energy excites electrons and puts them in higher energy
- excited electrons ejected from photosystem 2 and transferred to chain
explain step 1 of photosynthesis light energy
- when electrons are ejected, water is split to resupply photosystem 2 with more electrons
-water produces oxygen gas as byproduct
explain step 2 of photosynthesis light energy
- excited electrons pass through chain of proteins in thylakoid membrane
- excited again when they go through photosystem 1
- transferred to NADP and used to make NADPH (electron carrier)
explain step 3 of photosynthesis light energy
- protons accumulate inside thylakoid during the entire process which creates gradient (high to low)
- ATP synthase allow H+ to move down gradient and make ATP
- H+ moved into storm used to produce NADPH
explain step 4 of photosynthesis light energy
carboxylation
step 1 of calvin cycle
- CO2 molecule added to 5 carbon ribulose making a 6 carbon intermediate
- 6 carbon molecule cut in half by rubisco
- 2, 3 carbon molecules formed (3-phosphoglycerate/ PGA)
explain step 1 of calvin cycle
reduction
step 2 of calvin cycle
- each 3-PGA is reduced by NADPH
- rearranged to triose phosphate (1 out of 6 made is exported out of chloroplast
explain step 2 of calvin cycle
regeneration
step 3 of calvin cycle
- regeneration of RUBP
- it takes 5 triose phosphates (15 carbons) and one ATP to regenerate three RUPB (5 carbons each)
explain step 3 of calvin cycle
transpiration
what process causes plants to lose most of their water
stoma
pores on surface of plant leaves that allow for exchange of gases with the environment
when guard cells uptake solutes
when do the stoma open
when solutes are released and water flows out of guard cells
when do the stoma close
CAM plants
plants that store CO2 at night to avoid water loss during the day in a dry envt
C4 plants
plants that trap CO2 in bundle sheath cells to avoid water loss during the day in hot environments.
tracheids
type of water-conducting cell in the xylem that conduits from single cell
vessel elements
water conducting tissue of plants, mostly angiosperms, that conduits from many cells
negative
what type of pressure does xylem use to pull sap
cohesion
like molecules bind together, water pulls water, does not matter where at in the plant
cavitation
spaces fill with air which breaks bonding needed by water to pull other molecules up
sources
cells that produces/release more photosynthetic product than it uses (mature photosynthetic cells in leaf)
sinks
any cell that takes in more photosynthetic products than it produces, for use of storage (root cells and reproductive cells)
phloem
vascular tissue that carries metabolic fuel from sources to sinks
sieve elements
conducting, elongated cells that maintain plasma membrane, mitochondria, and smooth ER
positive
what type of pressure does phloem use
rhizosphere
soil layer that surrounds actively growing roots and is rich in microbial populations that aid in decomposition
epidermal
cells that create waxy cuticle in leaves
macronutrient
used in large quantities; low concentration in soil and high concentration in plant (N, P, K)
micronutrient
used in small quantities; variable concentration in soil and moderate concentrations in plants (Mg, Zn)
essential
needed by plant because plant can't produce minerals
symbiosis
when both organisms benefit
-plant: increase access to minerals out of reach
-fungi: get carbs from plant
sporophyte generation
generation that is diploid and makes spores through asexual division. specialized in dispersal of offspring
gametophyte generation
generation formed from the spore. haploid and makes gametes. specialized in genetic recombination between parent and offspring
bryophytes
plants that are gametophyte dominant
angiosperms
plants that are sporophyte dominant
pollen
contains the male gametophyte packaged in protective coat thats no longer dependent on water to disperse
pollination
dispersal that allows for mixing of genetic material from parent population but does not allow dispersal to new locations
double fertilization
fertilization of angiosperms which involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm)
seed
provides nutrients and protection that travel with offspring during dispersal; offspring don't need to stay attached to parent to live
dispersal of seed
allows offspring to move to new locations not occupied by parent plants
seed germination
allows offspring to initiate growth when envt conditions are favorable
mitosis
plants use what to make sperm
a. Allows for different versions of genes to come together in new ways.
b. Provides a means for new versions of genes to be introduced to the population.
c. Provides a means for offsping to disperse to new locations.
Bryophytes use the alternation of generations to sexually reproduce because it:
they contain an unfertilized egg which will stay protected
why are spores suited for dispersal
mitosis
plants make gametes via
meiosis
animals make gametes via
meiosis
plants make spores via
bryophytes
Which terrestrial green plant lineage first used spores during its sexual reproductive cycle
a. Plants remove essential nutrients from the soil, thus creating pockets of nutrient depletion in the soil.
b. Plants excrete protons, thus creating pockets of acidified soil around the roots.
c. Plants leak photosynthetic products into the soil, increasing the growth of microbes around the roots.
In what ways do plant change the soil properties around their roots?
C4
Which of the following forms of photosynthesis is most effective in hot, wet environments?
C3
Under ideal conditions, which version of photosynthesis produces the most carbohydrates per amount of energy invested?
pits
When water moves across from one conducting tube to another, what structure must it pass through if it is in a sieve tube? [Show Less]