What is the role of alveoli and surfactant in respiration? - ANSWER--alveoli: promotes the diffusion of gases into the blood
-surfactant: lubricates and
... [Show More] allows alveoli to POP back open
ventilation definition and assessment - ANSWER--mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs
-assessment: ventilation rate, depth, quality
perfusion definition and assessment - ANSWER--blood flow to the lungs
-assessment: CBC (complete blood count) and H&H (Hemoglobin & Hematocrit)
respiration - ANSWER-gas exchange
How is oxygen transported through the blood? - ANSWER-hemoglobin
Compliance - ANSWER--Ability to expand
-move air in/out
-muscles, diaphragm, ribs
elasticity - ANSWER--ability for lungs to return to relaxed state
-recoil
-eg. emphysema: retaining CO2 which causes lungs to not fully relax
resistance - ANSWER--anything blocking the airway
-eg. aspiration
-elderly and kids are most at risk
work of breathing - ANSWER--energy expended to breathe
-eg. COPD, broken ribs, heart failure need lots of energy to breathe
s/s of respiratory system - ANSWER--dyspnea
-cough
-sputum
-hemoptysis
-kussmaul respirations
-cheyne-stokes
dyspnea - ANSWER-difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
cough - ANSWER-dry or productive
sputum - ANSWER--green, yellow, brown
-painful
hemoptysis - ANSWER-coughing up blood
Kussmaul respirations - ANSWER--use of accessory muscles to breathe
-starving for O2
Cheyne-Stokes - ANSWER--end of life breathing
-breathe....apnea.....breathe
expansion disorders - ANSWER--flail chest
-atelectasis
-pneumothorax
-pleural effusion
flail chest - ANSWER--multiple broken ribs in a row
-cause: trauma
-s/s: contusions, edema, bleeding
atelectasis - ANSWER--collapsed alveoli
-causes: after surgery, compressive, obstructive, loss of surfactant
-s/s are mild: dyspnea and decreased SPO2
-treatment: incentive spirometer
pneumothorax - ANSWER--air in the pleural space
-collapsed lung: affected lung cannot expand
-absence of breath sounds on affected side
-treatment: chest tube
pleural effusion - ANSWER--water in pleural space (lymph or blood)
-treatment: chest tube
obstructive breathing disorders - ANSWER--Aspiration
-asthma
-COPD
aspiration - ANSWER--"down the wrong tube"
-caused by food, mucus, fluid
-gunk in alveoli increases risk for pneumonia
who is most at risk for aspiration? - ANSWER--elderly
-children
-intubated
-stroke victims
Asthma risk factors - ANSWER--Asthma triangle (asthma, eczema, allergies, IgE)
-children
-family history
asthma - ANSWER-bronchospasm + increased mucus production
How does an asthma attack impact the pH of the body? - ANSWER--hyperventilation from initial panic causes respiratory alkalosis
-blocked airways lead to respiratory acidosis (cant get CO2 out)
Drive to breathe: healthy - ANSWER-Rising CO2 causes brain to say "Breathe!"
Drive to breathe: COPD - ANSWER-Decreasing O2 levels cause brain to say "Breathe!"
what is the #1 cause fo COPD? - ANSWER-smoking
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - ANSWER--preventable disease or genetically unlucky
-s/s: chronic productive cough, decreased SPO2
what genetic disorder leads to COPD? - ANSWER-Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (cant maintain elasticity of the lungs)
Patho of COPD - ANSWER--smoking or pollution leads to inflammation of airway epithelium
-releases chemical mediators (cytokines)
-cytokines cause breakdown of elastin which causes emphysema
-cytokines cause continuous bronchial inflammation which causes chronic bronchitis
Emphysema - ANSWER--irreversible, progressive condition
-no elasticity=air trapping (CO2)
barrel chest definition and cause - ANSWER--emphysema
-chest protrudes from expanded lungs
what is the tripod position and what is it related to? - ANSWER--emphysema
-hands on knees and hunched forward
-makes it easier to exhale
why is emphysema permanent? - ANSWER--air trapping leads to the destruction of the alveolar walls
what is a common sign of emphysema? - ANSWER--clubbing from chronic hypoxia (decreased SPO2)
Chronic bronchitis - ANSWER--chronic inflammation + increased mucus
-no microorganisms
what criteria needs to be met to be considered to have chronic bronchitis? - ANSWER-cough for 3 months of the year for 2 years in a row
Chronic bronchitis: normal mucus vs. abnormal mucus - ANSWER--clear -> yellowish = healthy
-green -> infection (complication)
what is a common sign of chronic bronchitis and why? - ANSWER--chronically hypoxic
-pulmonary vessels vasoconstrict -> pulmonary hypertension (high pressure inside the pulmonary vessels)
vascular disorders - ANSWER--pulmonary edema
-pulmonary embolism
pulmonary edema - ANSWER--water in alveoli
-decreased gas exchange
causes of pulmonary edema - ANSWER--increased hydrostatic pressure
-too much pressure inside vessels, travels to alveoli
-OR decreased osmotic pressure
s/s of pulmonary edema - ANSWER--pink, frothy sputum
-SOB
-decreased SPO2
-crackles/rales heard in stethoscope
pulmonary embolism (PE) - ANSWER--blood clot gets lodged in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung
-dying tissue below block
causes of pulmonary embolism - ANSWER--DVT: deep vein thrombosis
-embolus: travelling clot
s/s of pulmonary embolism - ANSWER--chest/back pain
-tachycardia
-tachypnea (increased breathing)
-increased BP
-decreased SPO2 (70-80%)
-chronic or acute
what are the functions of the integumentary system? - ANSWER--Protect the body
-Regulate temperature
-Immune surveillance [Show Less]