UTI or Acute Cystitis - ANSWER-- cloudy urine
- caused by E. coli
Pancreatitis - ANSWER-is caused by:
- gallstones (bile duct disorder)
-
... [Show More] alcohol
Rickets - ANSWER-- a term used for osteomalacia in CHILDREN
- usually due to inadequate or lack of Vitamin D
Appendicitis - ANSWER-- pain in the lower right quadrant (LRQ)
Peptic Ulcer (Gastric) - ANSWER-- occult blood in stool
- coffee-ground vomitus (coffee grains in the vomit)
Sprain - ANSWER-- a torn ligament
Azotemia - ANSWER-- nitrogen in the blood caused by kidney damage
- excess urea and other nitrogen wastes in the blood, as in renal failure
Dislocation - ANSWER-- distortion of joint, usually evident
- bone separated from/deformed at joint
What group is at high-risk for Gout? - ANSWER-- males between 40-50 years of age
What group is at high-risk for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER-- postmenopausal women due to low estrogen levels
Gastritis - ANSWER-- is an inflammation of the stomach that may occur in many forms such as acute and chronic
- inflammatory disorder of gastric mucosa
- Increases risk of cancer
Acute Gastritis - ANSWER-- gastric mucosa is inflamed
- may be ulcerated and bleeding
- is usually self-limiting
- may result from infection by microorganisms, allergies to foods, spicy or irritating foods, excessive alcohol intake, ingestion of aspirin or other NSAIDs, ingestion of corrosive or toxic substances, radiation or chemotherapy
- signs and symtpoms include:
• anorexia, nausea, vomiting may develop
• hematemesis caused by bleeding
• epigastric pain, cramps or general discomfort
• with infection, diarrhea may develop
Chronic Gastritis - ANSWER-- characterized by atrophy of stomach mucosa
• loss of secretory glands
• reduced production of intrinsic factor
- Helicobacter pylori infection is often present
- signs may be vague
• mild epigastric discomfort, anorexia, intolerance for certain foods
- increased risk of peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma
- certain autoimmune disorders are associated with one type of chronic gastric atrophy
Signs and Symptoms of Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) - ANSWER-- stones in the kidney or bladder are frequently asymptomatic
- flank pain (back pain or area below the ribs) due to distention of the renal capsule
- renal colic caused by obstruction of the ureter
• intense spasms of pain in flank area
• radiating into groin area
• lasts until stone passes or is removed
• possible nausea and vomiting, cool moist skin, rapid pulse
• radiological examination confirms location of calculi
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - ANSWER-- food goes down and mixes with acid and goes back up
- involves the periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus which causes erosion and inflammation
- often seen in conjunction with hiatal hernia
- causes heartburn frequently occur 30 to 60 minutes after eating or at night
Hepatic Encephalopathy - ANSWER-- increases ammonia (excessive levels)
- serum ammonia levels
- abnormal levels of electrolytes or amino acids, and excessive ammonia or other toxic chemicals which affect the central nervous system
Cirrhosis - ANSWER-- causes liver blockage
- progressive destruction of the liver
- causes the following:
• alcoholic liver disease (portal cirrhosis)
• biliary cirrhosis (associated with immune disorders)
• postnecrotic cirrhosis (linked with chronic hepatitis or long-term exposure to toxic materials)
• metabolic (usually caused by genetic metabolic storage disorders)
Bladder Cancer - ANSWER-- main predisposing factor: SMOKING
- other predisposing factors include working with chemicals in laboratories and industry (particularly aniline dyes, rubber, aluminum), recurrent infections, heavy intake of analgesics
- most bladder tumors are malignant and commonly arise from transitional epithelium of the bladder
- develops as multiple tumors and tends to recur
- diagnosed by urine cytology and biopsy
- early signs include hematuria and dysuria
Locked-in Syndrome - ANSWER-- aware and thinking but paralyzed
- refers to a condition in which an individual with brain damage is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate
- some individuals can move their eyes in a "yes" or "no" response
Comminuted Fracture - ANSWER-- multiple fractures of the bone
- a number of fracture lines in which there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments
Disuse Atrophy - ANSWER-- taking cast off and causes smaller/weaker muscle
- also called muscle wasting
- when muscles are no longer in use, they slowly become weaker
- causative factor: often occurs after a period of bed rest after a major surgical procedure, to people with limbs in casts or from becoming bedridden due to illness or age
Open (Compound) Fracture - ANSWER-- is when bone is exposed
- results when the skin is broken
- the bone fragments may be angled and protrude through the skin
- in open fractures, there is more damage to soft tissue, including the blood vessels and nerves, and
- there is also a much higher risk of infection
Graves' Disease/Hyperthyroidism (Signs/Symptoms) - ANSWER-- BULGY EYES (exophthalmos)
- exophthalmos is evident by the presence of protruding, staring eyes and decreased blink and eye movements
- it results from increased tissue mass in the orbit PUSHING THE EYEBALL FORWARD and from increased sympathetic stimulation affecting the eyelids
- occurs more frequently in women over 30 years of age and is related to an autoimmune factor
Cushing's Syndrome (Signs/Symptoms) - ANSWER-Signs/Symptoms include:
- moon face (round and puffy)
- buffalo hump (a heavy trunk with fat at the back of the neck)
- paper thin skin (fragile skin)
- red streaks
- trunket obesity
- wasting of the muscle in the limbs
- is caused by an excessive amount of glucocorticoids (e.g., hydrocortisone or cortisol
- high in cortisol and high in ADH levels
Pheochromocytoma (Signs/Symptoms) - ANSWER-Signs/Symptoms:
- high blood pressure
- headache
- heart palpitations
- constant anxiety
- is a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and sometimes other substances
Meningitis - ANSWER-- a virus that causes swelling in the brain
- is an infection, usually of bacterial origin, in the meninges of the CNS
- any form of head trauma or surgery can result in meningitis from a variety of microorganisms
- aseptic or viral meningitis results from an infection, such as mumps or measles
Hepatitis A (Transmission) - ANSWER-- transmitted by fecal-oral route
Hiatal Hernia - ANSWER-- increases abdominal pressure
Intracranial Pressure (Signs/Symptoms/Complications) - ANSWER-- confusion, anxiety, stroke, pupillary responses
- late sign = dilated pupils (affecting vision)
Complications:
- increasing blood pressure with increasing pulse pressure
- slow heart rate
- papilledema (affecting vision)
- because the brain is encased in the rigid, nonexpandable skull, any increase in fluid, such as blood or inflammatory exudate, or any additional mass, such as a tumor, causes an increase in pressure in the brain
Cerebral Edema - ANSWER-- problem associated with closed head injuries
- swelling of the brain
- leading to increased intracranial pressure
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Stroke) - ANSWER-- the third class of stroke
- has the worst prognosis
- hemorrhagic strokes are frequently MORE SEVERE and DESTRUCTIVE than other CVAs, because they affect large portions of the brain
- usually caused by rupture of a cerebral artery in a patient with severe hypertension
- because of the greater increase in ICP with hemorrhage, the effects are evident in both hemispheres and are complicated by the secondary effects of bleeding, in addition to the disrupted blood supply
- the presence of free blood in interstitial areas affects the cell membranes and can lead to significant secondary damage as vasospasm, electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, and cellular edema develop
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - AN [Show Less]