A client receiving an influenza vaccine (flu shot) asks when the immunization will be effective. The nurse response based on the knowledge that after
... [Show More] receiving the vaccine, the levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) are high enough to provide immunization (select all that apply)
a. immediately
b. 14 days
c. 10 days
d. 7 days
e. 48 hours
f. 24 hours - ANSWER-D. 7 days
IgM levels will peak approximately one week (7 days) after vaccination. The client will continue to be susceptible to influenza prior to that time.
And elderly client is concerned about catching influenza. The nurse understands that which immune system function changes occur with increased age? (select all that apply)
A. Decreased levels of circulating autoantibodies
B. Increased thymic hormone production
C. Diminished T cell function
D. Reduced antibody response - ANSWER-C. Diminished T cell function
D. Reduced antibody response
Due to their age, elderly clients will have diminished T cell function and reduced antibody response. The older adult will also have decreased thyme hormone production and increased levels of circulating autoantibodies.
Antigen - ANSWER-foreign substance
antibody - ANSWER-humoral response protein
thymus - ANSWER-T lymphocytes maturation
Bone marrow - ANSWER-source of stem cells
neutrophils - ANSWER-nonspecific phagocyte
are phagocytic cells
Neutrophils are white blood cells for phagocytosis, nonspecific defenses, active in the inflammatory process.
basophils - ANSWER-anaphylaxis
Eosinophils - ANSWER-parasites
monocyte - ANSWER-macrophages
mast cells - ANSWER-histamine in connective tissue
B lymphocytes - ANSWER-memory
plasma cells - ANSWER-secretes antibodies
Type I - ANSWER-hay fever
Type II - ANSWER-ABO blood incompatibility
Type III - ANSWER-Autoimmune Disorders
Type IV - ANSWER-contact dermatitis
Which cells are required to process and present antigens from foreign material as the initial step in the immune system - ANSWER-macrophages
The macrophages is critical in the initiation of the immune response. Macrophages develop from monocytes. They occur throughout the body in such tissues as the liver, lungs, and lymph nodes
Humoral immunity is mediated by - ANSWER-B lymphocytes (B cells)
Humoral immunity is a function of B cells. Circulating B cell numbers remain constant throughout the life span. However, there are subtle changes in the site of production. New B cells are generated in bone marrow
What type of immunity is provided by a vaccination - ANSWER-active artificial
Vaccine (live or attenuated) is injected into a person, no illness forms, but antibodies form.
What is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called - ANSWER-lipoma
What are malignant arising from connective tissue called? - ANSWER-Sarcoma
Which factor provides the basis for the grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors? - ANSWER-Degree of differentiation of the cells
A warning sign of possible cancer would be any of the following EXCEPT: - ANSWER-Sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea
The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include
1. Obstruction of a tube or duct
2. anemia and weight loss
3. cell necrosis and ulceration
4. tumor markers in the circulation - ANSWER-1,3
Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites - ANSWER-metastasis
direct contact - ANSWER-sexual intercourse
indirect contact - ANSWER-fomites
droplet - ANSWER-tuberculosis
aerosol - ANSWER-suspended particles
vector-borne - ANSWER-malaria
hospital-borne - ANSWER-nosocomial
The preceptor is teaching the nursing student about fluid and electrolyte balance. Which statement made by the student indicates that the nursing student understood the information discussed?
A. "Magnesium decreases when potassium increases
B. "Sodium decreases when potassium decreases"
C. "phosphate increases when calcium increases"
D. "Magnesium increases when potassium increases" - ANSWER-D. "Magnesium increases with potassium increases"
Magnesium and potassium moves in the same direction. Phosphorus and calcium have an inverse relationship
sodium and potassium have an inverse relationship
When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift
A. Interstitial compartment into the cells
B. Blood in the cells
C. Interstitial compartment into the blood
D. Cells into the interstitial compartment - ANSWER-interstitial compartment into the blood
Osmotic pressure happens when two solutions with different concentrations are separated by a membrane Osmotic pressure causes water to move into the solution with the highest concentration. The higher concentration here is the blood and the compartment closer to the blood will be the interstitium so fluid will move "to" blood
The nurse requests that the nursing student who worked with her that day on the oncology discuss changes that may occur in cells. Which statement by the nursing student requires further teaching
A. " Hypertrophy can be seen it patients with congestive heart failure due to the excess work by the heart"
B. "Atrophy is when cells become healthy and grow larger"
C. "Dysplasia is precancerous changes that is manifested when mitosis is increases" - ANSWER-B. "Atrophy is when cells become healthy and grow larger"
When a group of cells in the body dies, what is the change called
A. Hypoxia
B. Ischemia
C. Gangrene
D. Necrosis - ANSWER-D. Necrosis
Necrosis is when a group of cells die. This is separate from apoptosis. Apoptosis is when the cycle has reached the end of its cycle. Necrosis most likely occurs when there is damage to an area or organ
To which of the following does the term Apoptosis refer
A. Liquefaction of necrotic tissue
B. Programmed cell self-destruction
C. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
D. Ischemic damage to cells - ANSWER-B. Programmed cell self-destruction
A nursing student is preparing for a pediatric clinical day on a unit where the clients are diagnosed with genetic disorders. Which statements by the nursing student are correct? Select all that apply
A. X-linked recessive disorders are manifested in males who lack the matching gene
B. Down syndrome belongs to a group of single-gene disorders
C.Skipped generations can occur because of female carriers
D. Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Edwards syndrome all are chromosomal disorders.
E. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-sachs disease are chromosomal disorders like Down syndrome - ANSWER-A. X-linked recessive disorders are manifested in males who lack the matching gene
C.Skipped generations can occur because of female carriers
D. Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Edwards syndrome all are chromosomal disorders.
X-linked recessive disorders are manifested in heterozygous males who lack matching normal gene the Y chromosome
Skipped generations usually occur when the female is the recessive carrier and the dads trait was more dominant
Which "buddy" electrolyte works with potassium to ensure the electrical impulses in the heart is functioni [Show Less]