dyscrasia - ANSWER-abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
Anemia - ANSWER-A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in
... [Show More] hemoglobin, or in total volume.
Role of erythropoietin - ANSWER--signaling by the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation in the erythroblast lineage
steps of hemostasis - ANSWER-vasoconstriction - decreases blood flow
platelet plug- plugs the hole
coagulation- covers the hole
low RBC = - ANSWER-anemia
General Manifestations of anemia - ANSWER-weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia, stomatitis (inflammation of gi tract)
complications:
heart failure & chest pain
Why does low iron reduce oxygen transport? - ANSWER-low iron reduces the amount of oxygen
iron deficiency anemia causes - ANSWER--inadequate dietary intake
-malabsorption
-chronic blood loss
-severe liver disease (storage of iron)
iron deficiency anemia manifestations - ANSWER-brittle hair, spoon-shaped concaved ridged nails, stomatitis, glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
pernicious anemia - ANSWER-lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
pernicious anemia causes - ANSWER-dietary insufficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, surgical procedure of stomach
pernicious anemia manifestations - ANSWER-fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, paresthesia, ataxia, glossitis
neurological manifestations of pernicious anemia - ANSWER-tingling, burning in extremities or loss of muscle controls
pancytopenia - ANSWER-abnormal reduction of all blood cells
aplastic anemia - ANSWER-idiopathic, myelotoxins, viral infection
aplastic anemia manifestations - ANSWER-anemia (pallor, weakness, dyspnea, tachycardia), infection, bleeding (cant stop bleeding no platelets)
What causes RBCs to sickle shaped? - ANSWER-deoxygenated blood crystallizes then becomes crescent shaped
what factors can contribute to development of pain crisis with sickle cell anemia? - ANSWER-cells anaerobic breathing --> build of lactic acid = pain
Hemophilia A is a deficiency of Factor # __________. - ANSWER-4
blood clotting causes - ANSWER-thrombocytopenia, chemotherapy, vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, anticoagulants, ebola (destroys blood cells systemic bleeding)
blood clotting manifestation - ANSWER-Persistent bleeding from gums
Petechiae & purpura/ecchymoses
Hemarthroses
Hemoptysis
Hematemesis
Hematuria
Blood in stool
Epistaxis
Hemophilia A cause - ANSWER-genetic & X-linked
Hemophilia A manifestations - ANSWER-Prolonged or persistent bleeding
Spontaneous bleeding
complications: hemorrhage
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) - ANSWER-Drug reaction mediated by immune system
Heparin, Occurs usually 3-4 days after exposure
Manifestations:
Depends on location of thrombi
Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) - ANSWER-Platelet count decreases
cause:
Idiopathic
Autoimmune
manifestations:
Minor bleeding
Bleeding Gums
Epistaxis
Petechiae
Purpura
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) - ANSWER-Causes:
Idiopathic
Genetic
Unknown trigger
Pregnancy
Lupus
Manifestations:
Pentad (5 )
Petechiae & purpura
Jaundice
Oliguria or anuria
Fever
Headache & seizures
Dissemenated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - ANSWER-Systemic Infections
Septicemia, toxemia, bacteremia
Liver disease
Trauma
Cancer
Dissemenated intravascular coagulation (DIC) manifestation - ANSWER-Multiple bleeding sites
Petechiae & purpura
Mental status changes
main blood cell that if affected by leukemia? - ANSWER-WBC
which type of leukemia has better prognosis and why? - ANSWER-chronic because it has normal cells still
blood types - ANSWER-O: universal donor
AB: universal recipient
Polycythemia - ANSWER-increase RBC
cause: Primary Unknown
Secondary Chronic hypoxia
Manifestations:
Plethoric & cyanosis
Skin & mucous membranes
Hypertension
Bounding pulse
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Complications: thrombus, infarction, heart failure
Leukemia: Acute vs. Chronic - ANSWER-acute doesn't have normal cells while chronic does have normal cells still
Leukemia acute - ANSWER-Risk factors:
Younger adults, Radiation exposure, Chemotherapy, Chromosomal abnormalities
Fatigue, Fever, Weight loss, Frequent infections
Complications:
Anemia, Bleeding, Systemic infections
Leukemia chronic - ANSWER-Risk factors:
Older adults
Radiation exposure
Chemotherapy
Chromosomal abnormalities
Manifestations:
Same as acute-slower onset
same complications as acute
Diagnostic tests-Blood Disorders - ANSWER-Anemia= complete blood cell count
Leukemia= blood count and bone biopsy
clotting disorders=
bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time
cardiac output - ANSWER-heart rate x stroke volume
cardiac reserve - ANSWER-*Preload-* volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole pressure
*afterload-* resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood ^afterload = ^ cardiac workload
arteriosclerosis - ANSWER-"Hardening of the arteries"
Loss of elasticity
Lumen narrows → occlusion or partial occlusion of artery
↑ PR (peripheral resistance)
↑ BP
atherosclerosis - ANSWER-↑ LDL, ↓ HDL
Build up of plaque
Increase in atheroma size -→ partial occlusion or occlusion of artery
Etiology:
Unmodifiable risk factors: gender, genetics, age
Modifiable risk factors: obesity, smoking, exercise, managing Hypertension etc.
angina pectoris (chest pain) - ANSWER-Causes: Imbalance between O2 supply and demand
Deficit of O2 to heart muscle
Increased myocardial oxygen demand/requirements
Patterns
Classic or exertional--
Variant--
Unstable - most serious → MI
MANIFESTATIONS:
Triggered by physical or emotional stress
Recurrent, intermittent brief episodes
Substernal CP,-tightness, pressure
Pallor, diaphoresis, nausea
myocardial infarction patho - ANSWER-coranary artery completely obstructed > prolonged ischemia > cell death or infartion of heart wall -> necrosis -> inflammation -> scar tissure
myocardial infarction - ANSWER-*cause:* Thrombus build-up
Vasospasm
Embolus
*MANIFESTATIONS:*
Sudden, constant substernal CP
Radiation of pain to left arm, shoulder, jaw, neck
Pallor and diaphoresis
Dizziness and nausea
Anxiety, fear
MI's complications - ANSWER-Sudden death
cardia dysrhythmia
cardiogenic shock and heart failure
Diagnistic for MI - ANSWER-EKG for ST elevation and depression and troponin: levels proteins are released when the heart is damaged
Cardiac dysrhythmias cause - ANSWER-Obstruction of cardiac artery feeding conduction system
Electrolyte imbalance
Hypoxia
Infection
Drug toxicity
Fever
cardiac dysrhythmias cause - ANSWER-↓ efficiency of pumping cycle
Interferes with filling and emptying
Contractions inefficient
Decrease CO
Reduced perfusion to tissues/organs
Complications: stroke and death
Heart Failure Causes - ANSWER-Cardiac defect
Myocardial infarction
-left ventricle
Chronic lung disease
valve problems
CAD
hypertension
left sided heart failure causes - ANSWER-myocardial infarction, valve stenosis, Hypertension
left sided heart failure manifestations - ANSWER-*Foward effects:* fatigue & weakness, exercise intolerance
*Backward effects:*
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Pink-frothy sputum
Rales/crackles
heart failure compensations - ANSWER-Tachycardia=Cardiac hypertrophy
Pallor=SNS response
Daytime oliguria= Renin and aldosterone secretion
right sided heart failure causes - ANSWER-Myocardial infarction
Right ventricle
Valve stenosis
Pulmonary disease
right sided heart failure manifestations - ANSWER-*Forward Effects:* Fatigue & weakness
Exercise intolerance
*Backward Effects:* Edema
Feet, legs, buttocks
Ascites
Hepatomegaly & Splenomegaly
Jugular vein distention
diagnostic test for heart failure - ANSWER-*Echocardiogram:*
Ultrasound -Measure Ejection fraction
-How much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction
*B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP):*
Hormone produced by your heart.
Levels goes up when heart failure develops or gets worse
<100 normal
*Chest x-ray:*
Size of heart
Pulmonary congestion
Valvular Defects types - ANSWER-Stenosis
-Incompetence
regurgitation
-Prolapse
valvular defects patho & manifestions - ANSWER-Narrowing of a valve
Failure of valve to close completely
Enlarged & floppy valve leaflets
*MANIFESTATIONS*
Same as heart failure
Rheumatic heart disease - ANSWER-•Rheumatic fever- streptococcus infection, occurs again weeks after infection
•Triggers Immune response- Antibodies form to strep, React with connective tissue in skin, joints, brain, heart, Acute systemic inflammation → endocarditis → valve damage
•Rheumatic Heart Disease- Scar tissue forms on valves, Mitral valve stenosis, progressive fibrosis,
CHF
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS - ANSWER-*ETIOLOGY:*
Abnormal valves
Reduced host defense
Bacteremia
*MANIFESTATIONS:*
Chest pain
New murmur
Acute onset
Spiking fevers
Chills
Drowsiness
Complication
Septic emboli
pericarditis cause - ANSWER-Open heart surgery, MI
Rheumatic fever, viral infection
SLE
Cancer
pericarditis - ANSWER-*Manifestations*
Tachycardia, ECG changes
CP
Dyspnea, cough
Friction rub
*Complications* [Show Less]