Osetoporosis - ANSWER-Decreased Bone Mineral Density
Osteoporosis Pathophysiology - ANSWER-Bone remodeling leads to increased bone reabsorption, leads
... [Show More] to decreased bone formation causing thin fragile bones leading to fractures. Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity.
Risk factors for Osteoporosis - ANSWER-1. Postmenopausal women
2. Aging
3. Sedentary Lifestyle
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Smoking
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWER-Autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammation
Pathophysiology Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWER-1. Neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage
2. Inflammatory cytokines breakdown cartilage & bone
3. T-Cells cause fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
4. Inflammation is constant & spreads to ALL synovial joints
Difference between Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWER-Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition due to "wear and tear" cartilage breaks down causing stiff joints and pain.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Additional symptoms include fever and affects all synovial joints.
Acute Pain - ANSWER-Condition last < 3 months. Body's protective mechanism. Can be classified as somatic, visceral, or referred.
Chronic pain - ANSWER-Lasts > 6 months. Non-protective, Poorly understood.
Neuropathic pain - ANSWER-Dysfunction of the nervous system. i.e. Fibromyalgia
Pain management - ANSWER-What is the treatment that increases or decreases transmission of pain signals.
Neurotransmitters - ANSWER-What are the chemicals that the nervous system uses to communicate with a brain.
Pain Transduction - ANSWER-Nociceptors receptor at the end of a sensory neuron's axon that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending possible threat signals to the spinal cord and the brain
Pain transmission - ANSWER-What pain pathway signal goes to the central nervous system
Pain perception - ANSWER-Pain pathway how the brain interprets the pain signal
Pain threshold - ANSWER-Minimum amount of stimuli that it takes for you to perceive pain. This pathway is the same for everyone
Pain tolerance - ANSWER-The amount of pain the body can handle before you involuntarily remove the stimuli.
Afferent - ANSWER-The type of pain that transmit from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system
Efferent - ANSWER-When the pain goes from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system tell somebody how to react.
Endorphins - ANSWER-Chemicals released usually during exercise to prevent pain transmission signals.
Serotonin and GABA - ANSWER-What chemical reduces translation of pain. This usually happens after the labor/childbirth
Seizures - ANSWER-This condition as a result of massive firing of neurons all at the same time.
Why are seizures life-threatening? - ANSWER-Can cause aspiration, trauma, hypoxia, hypoglycemia.
What are typical causes of seizures? - ANSWER-Metabolic, congenital, genetic, prenatal, trauma, infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and alcohol abuse.
Preictal phase (prodromal) - ANSWER-Seizure phase where the patient experiences nausea, irritabliliy, muscle twitching, and hours before the event.
Preictal Phase (Aura) - ANSWER-Seizure phase when the patient experiences visual or auditory sensations. Typically right before seizure.
Ictal Phase (Tonic) - ANSWER-Seizure phase when the patient is actually experiencing muscle contractions, Increased rigidity, tight jaw and loses consciousness
Ictal Phase (Clonic) - ANSWER-Seizure phase when the patient is experiencing muscle contractions and relaxation, jerking type movements and increase salivation.
Postictal Phase - ANSWER-Seizure phase when the patient typically is confused, has it decreased level of consciousness, has aching muscles and fatigued
Ischemic Stroke (Thrombotic) - ANSWER-Condition when an occlusion forms in the brain caused by atherosclerosis.
Ischemic Stroke (Embolic) - ANSWER-Condition when a clot forms in different part of the body and travels to the brain.
Hemorrhagic Stroke - ANSWER-Condition caused by a ruptured blood vessel. Usually caused by trauma, hypertension, drugs, aneurysm or coagulation disorder. (least common)
A-Fib - ANSWER-What is the most common cause of an embolic stroke.
What is F.A.S.T - ANSWER-1. Facial Drooping
2. Arm drifts down (usually only one arm)
3. Speech is Slurred
4. Time to call 911
What are the typical consequences of a stroke? - ANSWER-Patient may experience paralysis, sensory loss, language disorders, reflex changes, aphasia, dysphagia
What SIADH? - ANSWER-Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone is increased levels of the antidiuretic hormone.
SIADH - ANSWER-What endocrine dysfunction is caused by tumor, pulmonary disorder, or surgery meds?
SIADH (Syndrom of Inappropriate Anti-Diurectic Hormone) - ANSWER-What endocrine dysfunction causes confusion, thirst, fatigue, muscle twitching, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Diabetes Insipidus - ANSWER-Type of diabetes caused by a decreased level of antidiuretic hormone.
What are the typical symptoms of diabetes insipidus? - ANSWER-Polyuremia, increased thirst, decreased blood pressure, increased osmolality, hypernatremia, tachycardia.
Hyperthyroid symptoms - ANSWER-Heat intolerance, weight loss, exophthalmos, thin hair, tachycardia, diarrhea, muscle wasting, tremors
Hypothyroid symptoms - ANSWER-Cold intolerance, periorbital edema, bradycardia, constipation, edema, hair loss, weight gain, dry skin.
Insulin resistance - ANSWER-When the bodies receptors are resistant to insulin. Typically found in type 2 diabetics.
Insulin deficiency - ANSWER-When the body isn't making enough insulin. Typically found in type 1 diabetic's.
Type I DM - ANSWER-Condition when the body produces antibodies that attack beta cells causing the patient to become insulin deficient.
Type I DM Symptoms - ANSWER-Condition that causes the patient to experience polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, fatigue.
Type I DM Diagnostic/Treatment - ANSWER-A HbA1C is >6.5 x2 and Insulin Dependent
Type II DM - ANSWER-Condition when the patient is insulin resistant, has a fasting blood sugar greater than 126, has a hemoglobin A-1 C between 5.7 and and 6.5.
What is metabolic syndrome - ANSWER-A condition typically experienced by patients who have an increased abdominal circumference, Increased LDL, decreased HDL, and Increase blood pressure. This condition that leads to type II diabetes.
Acute DM emergency - ANSWER-Too much insulin (Hypoglycemia). Patient will typically experience tremors, anxiety, tachycardia, diaphoresis, seizures and possibly a coma.
What causes DKA? - ANSWER-This condition occurs as a result of increased blood sugar, and decreased insulin and increased metabolism of proteins and fat.
Symptoms of DKA - ANSWER-An acute condition causes the patient to experience Kussmal respirations, sweet smelling urine/breath, ketouria, and increased thirst.
Diabetic Acute Retinopathy - ANSWER-Caused by damage to the blood vessels and leak blood and other fluids. This causes the retinal tissue to swell, resulting in cloudy or blurred vision. The condition usually affects both eyes.
Diabetic Neuropathy - ANSWER-What condition occurs with prolonged exposure to high blood sugar and damage to delicate nerve fibers.
Diabetic Renal Damage - ANSWER-Caused by increased exposure to blood sugar, the blood vessels within the kidney become damaged.
Negative feed back loop - ANSWER-This system regulates the release of hormones in the body. i.e glucose increases, insulin secretion releases.
Tumor - ANSWER-What is the most common cause of alteration to the endocrine system.
The endocrine system - ANSWER-Target cell resistance, congenital defects, autoimmune disorder (Type I), infection, PVD alter what system.
How does TSH and T3/T4 work together? - ANSWER-TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release T3/T4 to increase the metabolic rates in cells.
Insulin - ANSWER-This hormone transports glucose and other substances into cells and also regulates glucose levels within the body.
Parathyroid Hormone - ANSWER-What hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating demineralization and increasing absorption of calcium in the digestive tract and kidneys.
Osmosis - ANSWER-This is the movement of H2O through a semipermeable membrane and down a concentration gradient.
Diffusion - ANSWER-The movement of a solid (solute) through a semipermeable membrane down a concentration gradient.
Hallmarks of Cancer - ANSWER-1. Self sufficiency in growth signal
2. Insensitive to anti-growth signals
3. Limitless replication potential
4. Evades Apoptosis
5. Invades tissue via metastisis
Angiogenesis - ANSWER-The process by which cancer cells have the ability to develop blood vessels in order to steal nutrients and O2 to grow
Local Inflammation - ANSWER-Heat, redness, swelling and pain on one part of the body
Systemic Inflammation - ANSWER-Mild fever, malaise, fatigue, HA, anorexia, increased WBC's
Degranulation - ANSWER-The release of inflammatory mediators by mast cells
Chemotaxis - ANSWER-The migration of WBC's to the injury site
Exudate - ANSWER-The accumulation of fluid, WBC's and debris in the interstitial space
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-The process of engulfing foreign matter, microorganisms or debris
Purpose of Inflammation - ANSWER-This process occurs to protect the body from infection, assist a wound in healing, remove/repair damaged cells and ID self from non-self.
Down Syndrome - ANSWER-Being over 35yo and trisomy on gene 21 puts and individual at risk for what disorder?
Obstructive pulmonary disorder - ANSWER-What type of pulmonary disorder is Asthma?
S/S of Asthma - ANSWER-Bronchospasm, SOB, Chest tightness, wheezing, mucus secretions.
Pathology of Asthma - ANSWER-Inflammation of the mucosa with edema and broncho-constriction via stimulation
Erythrocytes - ANSWER-This cell transports O2 and assists with transport of CO2. About 5-6 million of them are present.
Leukocytes - ANSWER-This cell is responsible for defense and immunity in the body system. About 5-10 thousand
Platelets - ANSWER-This cells is responsible for the clotting factor and isolates infection. About 250-400K cells are present.
Anemia - ANSWER-This condition is a result of impaired production and lysis of a cell. An iron deficiency and impairs O2 transport
Thrombocytopenia - ANSWER-This is a condition of too little platelets <150K, and causes spontaneous bleeding if <10K
Thrombocythemia - ANSWER-This is a condition of too many platelets and puts a patient at risk for massive clotting.
Atherosclerosis - ANSWER-This condition is characterized by the thickening of a vessel wall caused by an accumulation of plaque containing lipids, fibrin and debris.
Hypertension - ANSWER-What causes damage to the inner wall of an artery causing fatty deposits and cholesterol and settle?
Foam Cell - ANSWER-What type of cell is formed when macrophages come to eat LDL's that have been caught into a damaged portion of an arterial wall and get stuck.
Portal Hypertension - ANSWER-Condition caused by liver damage that increases blood pressure and leads to an increase in hydrostatic pressure.
Ascities - ANSWER-Condition that occurs when fluid shifts out of portal circulation and into the peritoneal cavity.
Cirrhosis and right sided heart failure - ANSWER-What are the two main health risks of Portal hypertension?
Cirrhosis - ANSWER-This condition is an irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease.
Cirrhosis Liver Disease - ANSWER-Enlarged liver, anorexia, nausea, jaundice, edema and ascities are clinical manifestations of what?
Complications of Ascities - ANSWER-1. Impaired respirations
2. Peritonitis
3. Impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients
Renal Calculi (kidney stones) - ANSWER-A renal obstruction mostly made up of calcium in the body due to a supersaturation of salt in the urine
Renal Obstruction - ANSWER-A tumor, inflammation, scarring and stenosis accompanied by flank pain, urgency, frequency to urinate, N/V and hematuria is described as what?
Renal Infection - ANSWER-Inflammation of urinary epithelium due to bacteria is known as?
Cystitis - ANSWER-What is an infection of the bladder accompanied with groin pain?
Pyelonephritis - ANSWER-What is an infection of the kidneys accompanied with flank pain
Elderly - ANSWER-What population is typically asymptomatic to renal infection or obstructions? (may shows signs of confusion) [Show Less]