Ventilation - ANSWER-Inspiration of oxygen
Expiration of carbon dioxide from the blood
Ventilation requires which muscles - ANSWER-Intercostal
... [Show More] muscles
diaphragm muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Factors effecting ventilation - ANSWER-*Compliance-muscles ability for lungs to expand (rib expansion)
*Elasticity-ability for lungs to return to relaxed shape
*Resistance-airway resistance(mucus, aspiration, bronchospasm)
*Work of breathing-how difficult it is to breath(obesity, prego)
Respiration - ANSWER-*to provide efficient gas exchange in alveoli, also help monitor blood pH
*Occurs because of diffusion
Perfusion - ANSWER-blood or other fluid to flow through a vessel and into the vascular bed of tissue to provide oxygen and nutrients
Role of alveoli - ANSWER-*tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream.
*gas exchange
role fo surfactant - ANSWER-Dish like soap that lines the alveoli to prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Flail chest - ANSWER-Results from fractures of the thorax(3-6 ribs).
Risk factors of Flail chest - ANSWER-Trauma to ribs
Car accidents
Pathologic of flail chest - ANSWER-1. Double fracture of numerous ribs with rib instability
2. Lung restriction
3. Atelectasis
4. Lung collapse
5. Lung contusion
6. Secondary pneumonia
Signs and symptoms of flail chest - ANSWER-Chest pain
Pain and tenderness of the affected area
Inflammation and contusion(bruising), edema
Difficulty breathing
Uneven chest rise
Pneumothorax definition - ANSWER-Air in the pleural cavity from ruptured pleura or tear, or ruptured tumor
will not hear injured lung with stethoscope
Pathologic for pneumothorax - ANSWER-Air separates the pleural cavity and prevents expansion of lungs, causing the lung to collapse.
Atelectasis(collapse of lung)
S&S of pneumothorax - ANSWER-Increased, labored respiration
no sound from affected lung
tachycardia
pleural pain
Complications of pneumothorax - ANSWER-Hypoxemic respiratory failure. Respiratory or cardiac arrest. Hemopneumothorax
Erythrocytes(RBC) - ANSWER-*Transports 02 from lungs to body, then C02 back to lungs to expire
*concave shape, no nucleus, no replication, 5-6 million
Erythrocytes (RBC) life span - ANSWER-*120 days
*spleen and liver clean dead RBC's
*RBC's need 4 molecules of hemoglobin and iron
Too many RBC's is called - ANSWER-Polycythemia
Too little RBC's is called - ANSWER-Anemia
Leukocyte (WBC) - ANSWER-
Functions of liver - ANSWER-Nutrient storage and regulation
Breakdown of erythrocytes
Synthesis of plasma protein
Synthesis of cholesterol
Detoxification
Cirrhosis - ANSWER-irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease
Patho of cirrhosis - ANSWER--Structural changes caused by injuryStructural changes caused by injury••
Fibrosis•Inflammation
•Leads to jaundice and portal Leads to jaundice and portal hypertension
•Toxin accumulationToxin accumulation
•Interruption of regenerationInterruption of regeneration
•Liver failure
S&S of cirrhosis - ANSWER-•Enlarged liverEnlarged liver
•AnorexiaAnorexia
•NauseaNausea
•JaundiceJaundice
•Edema
Complications of cirrhosis - ANSWER--High blood pressure in the veins that supply the liver (portal hypertension)
-Swelling in the legs and abdomen
-
Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly).
-Bleeding.
Jaundice - ANSWER--yellow or green pigmentation of the skin caused pigmentation of the skin caused by hyperbilirubinemiaby
S&S of jaundice - ANSWER--
COPD, atelectasis, & pneumonia put us at risk for - ANSWER-Respiratory acidosis
Dyspnea - ANSWER-difficulty breathing
cough - ANSWER-productive, dry &persistent
Abnormal sputum - ANSWER-should be clear
-green and yellow are signs of infection
hemoptysis - ANSWER-Coughing blood up,
TB
Kussmal - ANSWER-starving for air
Cheyne - ANSWER-periods of apnea(w/out breathing)
cyanosis - ANSWER-blue, late sign
clubbing - ANSWER-due to chronic hypoxia
Ex: COPD
Hypoxemia - ANSWER-not enough 02 in blood
hypoxia - ANSWER-not enough 02 in tissue
RBC's have 4 hemaglobin molecules that are waiting to bind to - ANSWER-oxygen
Expansion disorders affect - ANSWER-compliance(ability for lungs to inflate)
Vascular disorders affect - ANSWER-Blood in lungs
Perfusion(transport blood to lungs to drop off c02 and pick up 02)
What part of the lungs could expansion disorder affect - ANSWER-alveoli, bronchioles, and lungs
what do obstructive disorders affect - ANSWER-obstruct airway
affect respiration(gas exchange)
Location of infection tells us what - ANSWER-how to treat it
Flu - ANSWER-can be fatal
bacterial, viral, fungal
in upper resp. tract
if it gets to lower resp. tract it is pneumonia
symp: fever, chills, cold, fatigue
acute bronchitis - ANSWER-infection or inflammation
self limiting
symp: cough, fever, malaise
Pneumonia - ANSWER-infection of lower airway(alveoli, bronchioles)
6th leading cause of death
aspiration
community/hospital acquired
RF: age, immunity, alcohol, smoking
Tuberculosis - ANSWER-highly contagious via air droplets
leading cause of curable death
pt. in negative pressure room
latent or active
Pleural effusion - ANSWER-fluid on pleural space
can be caused by blood vessels and lymph abcess
Atelectasis - ANSWER-common after surgery
collapsed alveoli
most common: post op atelectasis
Types:
Adhesive-loss of surfactant
obstructive-blockage
compressive-obese
expansion disorders are - ANSWER-acute problems
compliance disorders(inflate lungs)
obstruction disorders affect - ANSWER-things that block airways
airway and ventilation
Aspiration - ANSWER-fluid or particles get into lungs
may cause infection
*****intubated pt. @ higher risk from epiglottis bypass
aspiration pneumonia males it to alveoli
kids, elderly
asthma - ANSWER-chronic inflammation disorder
hereditary
constriction or obstruction
**broncho spasm & mucus secretion
COPD can be 3 things - ANSWER-Emphysema
chronic asthma
chronic bronchitis
COPD - ANSWER-preventable and treatable
most common lung disease
smoking #1 cause
Survive w/ low 02
SYMP: clubbing, chronic cough
MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR R SIDED HF
If you have one in the triangle you might have the other two - ANSWER-excema, asthma, allergies
Emphysema - ANSWER-can be genetic-lacking elactase (elactase enzyme)
permanent enlargement of airways
air trapping-alveoli constantly inflated-->pressure build-->ruptured alveoli
barrel chest
tripod sit (alleviate stress from chest)
Chronic bronchitis - ANSWER-hyper secretion of mucus
3 month for 2 years
symp:chronic cough, airway inflammation, edema,thick mucus
obstruction disorders are - ANSWER-chronic
PULMONARY EDEMA - ANSWER-excess h20 in lungs
makes crackling sound [Show Less]