Narcotic administration should be administered carefully in patients with acute pancreatitis related to potential for
a. respiratory depression.
b.
... [Show More] narcotic dependency.
c. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
d. allergic reaction.
c. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
A patient is admitted to the hospital with left-sided heart failure. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect the client to exhibit? (Select all that apply.)
a. Cough
b. Dyspnea
c. Bradypnea
d. Crackles in lungs
e. Peripheral edema
a. Cough
b. Dyspnea
d. Crackles in lungs
Which offers the best prognosis for the cure of cancer?
a. Surgery
b. Radiation
c. Early detection
d. Chemotherapeutic agents
c. Early detection
Early detection of cancer, while it remains localized, is associated with the best prognosis for a cure. The majority of patients with solid tumors are treated surgically, which can be curative in some localized cancers. Ionizing radiation is used for two principal reasons: to kill tumor cells that are not resectable because they are located in a vital or inaccessible area, and to kill tumor cells that may have escaped the surgeon's knife and remain undetected in the local area. Chemotherapeutic agents are not selective for tumor cells, and a certain amount of normal cell death also occurs.
A heart that has to pump harder in order to effectively circulate blood is likely to undergo which type of cellular adaptation?
a. Atrophy
b. Metaplasia
c. Hypertrophy
d. Hyperplasia
c. Hypertrophy
A characteristic of benign prostatic hypertrophy includes which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Urgency
b. Hesitancy
c. Low back pain
d. Weak urine flow
e. Incomplete bladder emptying
b. Hesitancy
d. Weak urine flow
e. Incomplete bladder emptying
What are the criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis? (Select all that apply.)
a. Simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints
b. Soft-tissue swelling of at least three joints
c. Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules
d. Swelling of at least one wrist joint
e. Morning stiffness in joints
a. Simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints
b. Soft-tissue swelling of at least three joints
c. Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules
e. Morning stiffness in joints
Atrial fibrillation is best described as when
a. The P wave precedes, follows, or is buried in the QRS complex
b. Disorganized and irregular atrial waves are accompanied by an irregular ventricular rate
c. An atrial rate of 240 to 350 beats/min in a sawtooth pattern of atrial depolarization is seen
d. P waves occurs earlier than normal, preceded by a P wave with a normal QRS configuration
b. Disorganized and irregular atrial waves are accompanied by an irregular ventricular rate
- Atrial fibrillation is described as disorganized and irregular atrial waves accompanied by an irregular ventricular rate.
- Escape rhythms can present with a P wave that precedes, follows, or is buried in the QRS complex.
- Atrial flutter is typically manifested by a rapid atrial rate of 240 to 350 beats/min and a characteristic saw-tooth pattern of atrial depolarizations.
- Premature atrial complexes (PAC) are characterized by P waves that occur earlier than normal, preceded by a P wave with a normal QRS configuration.
Cardiac output is the product of both
a. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
b. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and pulse pressure
c. Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP)
d. Stroke volume and heart rate
d. Stroke volume and heart rate
Which statement is true regarding rheumatoid arthritis?
a. It is a localized disease.
b. Its prevalence is affected by climate.
c. It affects men three times more than women.
d. The majority of the patients test positive for rheumatoid factor.
d. The majority of the patients test positive for rheumatoid factor.
The study of specific characteristics and functions of a living organism and its parts is called
a. Psychiatry
b. Physiology
c. Homeostasis
d. Pathophysiology
b. Physiology
Which statement is true regarding cystic fibrosis?
a. It is autosomal-dominant.
b. It affects endocrine glands.
c. It is common in African Americans.
d. It is the most common genetic disease in the United States.
d. It is the most common genetic disease in the United States.
Which cell is from myeloid lineage? (Select all that apply.)
a. B cells
b. Platelets
c. Monocytes
d. Natural killer cells
e. Granulocytes
b. Platelets
c. Monocytes
e. Granulocytes
- Platelets, monocytes, and granulocytes are from myeloid lineage
- B cells and natural killer cells are lymphoid
Which statement is true regarding cancer? (Select all that apply.)
a. The greater the undifferentiated cell count, the more aggressive the cancer.
b. Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host.
c. Benign tumors grow rapidly than malignant ones.
d. Anaplasia means more differentiated cells.
e. Metastasis means less differentiated cells.
a. The greater the undifferentiated cell count, the more aggressive the cancer.
b. Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host.
The greater the degree of anaplasia, the more aggressive the malignant tumor.
Malignant tumors, if left untreated, have the potential to kill.
Benign tumors often grow slowly than malignant ones.
Anaplasia is a lack of cell differentiation.
Metastasis means the invasion of cancer to distant sites.
Which is a pathophysiologic change that is consistent with Alzheimer disease? (Select all that apply)
a. Amyloid plaques
b. Epileptogenic focus
c. Focal cerebral infarct
d. Neurofibrillary tangles
e. Abnormal serotonin system
a. Amyloid plaques
d. Neurofibrillary tangles
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles occur in the brains of Alzheimer patients and are found at autopsy. Neural thread proteins (tau protein) have a normal function and stabilize microtubules. In Alzheimer disease, they are chemically altered and twist into paired helical filaments known as neurofibrillary tangles. Epileptogenic focus is associated with seizure disorder. Focal cerebral infarct is a stroke occurring in a localized area of the brain. Abnormalities in the cholinergic system are associated with Alzheimer disease; serotonin abnormalities are found in depression.
Which statement regarding chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a true statement?
a. It is not seen in children.
b. It represents 30% of all cases of leukemia.
c. The average age of onset is older than 70 years.
d. Affected persons carry the Philadelphia chromosome.
d. Affected persons carry the Philadelphia chromosome.
Philadelphia chromosome occurs in this leukemia. CML occurs occasionally in children and adolescents. CML represents approximately 15% of all cases of leukemia in the US. The average age of onset is between 40-50 years.
Which term is used to describe an excess of red blood cells?
a. Anemia
b. Polycythemia
c. Pancytopenia
d. Granulocytopenia
b. Polycythemia
- Polycythemia is an excess of red blood cells.
- Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells.
- Pancytopenia is a decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- Granulocytopenia is a decrease in platelets
It is true that acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) is
a. Incurable
b. More curable in adults
c. Primarily diagnosed in children
d. Generally seen in adults older than 70 years
c. Primarily diagnosed in children
ALL is primarily a disorder occurring in children. ALL is highly curable in children, less so in adults. Peak incidence is between ages 3-7 years of age. A second rise occurs in middle age
An enlarged thyroid gland produces a colloid goiter when
a. Lack of iodine prevents formation of thyroid-stimulating hormone without stopping T4 and T3 production
b. Lack of iodine prevents T4 and T3 but without stopping thyroglobulin formation
c. Excessive iodine suppresses thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4, and T3 formation
d. Dietary iodine is insufficient and replaced with iodized salt
b. Lack of iodine prevents T4 and T3 but without stopping thyroglobulin formation
Which is a modifiable risk factor for prevention of atherosclerosis?
a. Smoking
b. Genetics
c. Gender
d. Age
a. Smoking
What physiologic abnormality is characteristic of emphysema?
a. Collapse of the proximal airways
b. Trapping of air in the distal air sacs
c. Widespread occurrence of bronchial plugs
d. Extensive inflammation of the lower airways
b. Trapping of air in the distal air sacs
Which condition constitutes an emergency situation?
a. Phimosis
b. Hydrocele
c. Epididymitis
d. Testicular torsion
d. Testicular torsion
Which term is used to describe the histologic characterization of tumor cells?
a. Staging
b. Grading
c. Cachexia
d. Angiogenesis
b. Grading
Which is a risk factor associated with hypertension? (Select all that apply.)
a. Age
b. Caucasian race
c. African-American race
d. High potassium intake
e. History of tobacco smoking
a. Age
c. African-American race
e. History of tobacco smoking
Normal aging produces a rising systolic pressure over the course of a lifetime, whereas diastolic pressure increases for approximately 50 years, levels off during the sixth decade, and remains stable or declines later on.
African Americans are predisposed to hypertension. Also, tobacco use has been shown to increase the risk of hypertension.
Being Caucasian is not a known risk factor for hypertension.
Diets high in fat and sodium, and low in potassium have been found to increase the risk of developing hypertension.
Which component of the blood is responsible for protecting the body by phagocytosis of micro-organisms and other debris?
a. Platelets
b. Leukocytes
c. Erythrocytes
d. Plasma proteins
b. Leukocytes
Leukocytes protect the body by phagocytosis of micro-organisms and other debris. They also participate in antibody formation.
Platelets are essential in clot formation.
Erythrocytes are responsible for transporting oxygen.
Plasma proteins contribute to blood viscosity and blood pressure.
A diagnosis of cryptorchidism indicates that the client has
a. An undersized penis
b. An undescended testis
c. A misplaced urethral meatus opening
d. Foreskin that is not in its normal position
b. An undescended testis
Risk factors for the development of high blood pressure are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Age
b. Race
c. Diet
d. Weight
e. Chronic illness
a. Age
b. Race
c. Diet
d. Weight
The older a person is, the less elastic the blood vessels are, which results in higher systemic vascular resistance.
High blood pressure occurs two to three times more frequently in the African American population than in the Caucasian population.
Diets high in fat and sodium have been associated with hypertension.
An association with elevated body mass index and high blood pressure has been noted; however, the exact mechanism is unclear.
Chronic illness will not necessarily result in hypertension.
The pathologic changes that occur in the development of coronary atherosclerotic lesions include cell damage resulting from which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. A decrease in smooth muscle cells
b. A chronic calcium buildup
c. The effects of oxidized lipids
d. An inflammatory response
e. The formation of plaques
c. The effects of oxidized lipids
d. An inflammatory response
e. The formation of plaques
Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Decreased postural blood pressure
b. Flat neck veins
c. Weight loss
d. Dizziness
e. Vomiting.
f. Oliguria
a. Decreased postural blood pressure
b. Flat neck veins
c. Weight loss
d. Dizziness
f. Oliguria
Which cellular change is seen with chronic bronchitis?
a. Increased eosinophils
b. Decreased CD8 T lymphocytes
c. Decreased interleukin-8 levels
d. Atrophy of bronchial glands
a. Increased eosinophils
A patient exposed to herpes simplex virus has been exhibiting symptoms that suggest an inflammation of the brain. This type of infection is referred to as
a. Brain abscess
b. Encephalitis
c. Bacteremia
d. Meningitis
b. Encephalitis
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain and is most commonly caused by viral infection.
Brain abscesses act like space-occupying lesions and are often caused by pus-forming bacteria.
Bacteremia is bacteria in the blood.
Meningitis is an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid and can be either bacterial or viral.
Clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Positive Trousseau sign
b. Positive Chvostek sign
c. Hyperactive reflexes.
d. Muscle twitching
e. Constipation
f. Paresthesias
a. Positive Trousseau sign
b. Positive Chvostek sign
c. Hyperactive reflexes.
d. Muscle twitching
f. Paresthesias [Show Less]