Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones
flank pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the common composition of renal
... [Show More] calculi?
calcium crystals
polycystic kidney disease
condition in which the kidney contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE
Major sign/symptom of renal cancer
hematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis?
uric acid
Acute pyelonephritis
infection of the renal pelvis usually from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring or fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI?
E. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis
infection of the renal pelvis that has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease; associated with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis
CVA tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis
abdominal or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
what are the three phases of tubular necrosis?
prodromal phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase?
normal or declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase?
oliguria, decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase?
postoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to increase and tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover
renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease
elevated phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral metabolism; kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease
kidneys produce erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will decrease the RBC count
What are some common causes of CKD?
diabetes and hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis?
ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis
What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic renal disease
anemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, uremic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer?
hematuria
What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to?
recurrent cystitis
Who is more prone to UTIs?
sexually active women
ureterocele
cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter
stress urinary incontinence
urine is involuntarily lost with increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a weakening of the pelvic muscles
what are some common causes of stress urinary incontinence?
obesity, childbirth related trauma, pelvic surgery, diabetes
Urgency Urinary Incontinence
involuntary sudden leakage of urine along with immediately feeling the need to urinate again; caused by a weakening of the detrusor muscle
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder lining
What are the causes of cystitis?
caused by infection, chemical irritants, stones, or trauma
What is chryptorchidism a risk factor for?
testicular cancer
chryptorchidism
failure of the testicles to descend into the scrotum
testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis and can lead to ischemia making the patient at risk for necrosis
what are the clinical manifestations of testicular torsion?
severe sudden pain on the testis, swelling of the scrotum, nausea and vomiting
signs and symptoms of prostatic enlargement (BPH)
Prostate tissue increases and can compress the urethra and bladder outlet causing urinary retention, obstruction to flow, decreased stream, hesitancy or difficulty initiating stream, interruption of stream, and infection caused by retention
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
metrorhagia
bleeding between periods
hypomenorrhea
deficient amount of menstrual flow
oligomenorrhea
infrequent menstruation
polymenorrhea
increased frequency of menstruation
menorrhagia
increased amount and duration of flow
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Abnormal endometrial bleeding not associated with tumor, inflammation, pregnancy, trauma, or hormonal effects
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
pregnancy induced hypertension
characterized by high blood pressure and edema along with protein in the urine
hyperemesis gravidarum
severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus
placenta previa
placenta implanted abnormally over the internal cervical opening
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
spontaneous abortion
when the fetus and placenta deliver before the 28th week of pregnancy; commonly called a miscarriage
what are clinical manifestations of uterine prolapse?
vaginal discomfort, discomfort walking or sitting, difficulty urinating, bleeding, ulceration of the cervix from friction
endometriosis
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus; ectopic tissue can periodically rupture and bleed; repeated irritation causes the formation of dense tissue adhesions
leiomyoma
benign uterine tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue; growth is enhanced by high estrogen and growth hormone levels
vulvovaginitis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina caused by candida albicanas
What does gastroesophageal varices present with?
a history of alcoholism with hematemesis and profound anemia
portal hypertension
the elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system
esophageal varices is associated with?
portal hypertension
What is the mortality rate for a patient with ruptured esophageal varices?
high mortality rate
what syndrome is seen after gastric bypass surgery?
dumping syndrome
what can be a cause of stomatitis?
chemotherapy
What 3 things does H. pylori cause?
chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric carcinoma
H. pylori
type of bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Serious inflammatory condition of the intestines.
What age group does necrotizing enterocolitis effect?
premature infants
What is ulcerative colitis associated with?
bloody diarrhea
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
What is a warning sign of colon cancer?
change in bowel habits; diarrhea, constipation, black tarry stools
Celiac Sprue
malabsorptive disorder from a reaction to gluten-containing foods; lack the enzymes to break down gluten and cannot absorb the nutrients
Barrett's esophagus
preneoplastic condition the results from uncontrolled GERD
hiatal hernia
protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm; presents with heartburn
What does a patient with gastric ulcers (peptic ulcers) present with?
epigastric pain that is relieved by food; can also present with heartburn
What does a patient with appendicitis present with?
acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation
Rebound tenderness
pain that increases when pressure (as from a hand) is removed; hallmark of appendicitis
What sex is more common to have gallstones?
female
What does untreated acute cholecystitis lead to?
gangrene
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas; associated with alcoholism
What can chronic cholecystitis lead to?
biliary sepsis, calcified gallbladder, and porcelain gallbladder
What are gallstones composed of?
cholesterol
What serum levels are associated with pancreatitis?
elevated amylase and lipase; inflammation of the pancreas leads to elevated enzyme levels that are made in the pancreas
What does chronic pancreatitis lead to?
diabetes mellitus
How is hepatitis B transmitted?
blood and semen
What levels would be elevated in the urine for hepatitis?
urine bilirubin
What is a presentation of increase bilirubin?
jaundice
What surface antigen is associated with acute hepatitis B?
hepatits B surface antigen (HBsAg)
What is a common finding of liver disease?
jaundice
steatohepatitis
accumulation of fat in the liver cells
What can excess growth hormone lead to in adults?
acromegaly
What does excess growth hormone lead to in children?
giantism
What is diabetes insipidus a result of?
inadequate ADH secretion
What is the hallmark of diabetes insipidus?
high output of clear urine
What inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
iodine deficiency [Show Less]