Etiology
the cause of a disease or condition (initiation of disease) *closely related to pathogenesis ->maintaining
... [Show More] disease-)
Pathophysiology
Study of abnormal conditions "disease"
Oxygen helps carry _______ to ________ ________in body
ATP, every cell
Signs
Objective information visible to the eye
Symptoms
Subjective information, "feelings that are not visible, only felt"
Thrombosis
a Stationary clot
Embolism
a traveling clot (never move sight where suspect clot is present, clot can travel to the heart or lungs and create blockage)
Pulmonary embolism
a clot that cannot pass through the capillaries in the lungs (SOB will be present)
Pathogenesis
Maintenance of disease
Development or evolution of a disease, from initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of disease
Latent period
time between exposure and infection
Prodromal period
When signs and symptoms first appear & pathogen begins to multiply
Exacerbation
Increase in severity of S&S
Remission
Decrease in severity of S&S, "getting well"
Epidemiology
The study of patterns of disease among human population for the purpose of establishing programs t prevent and control their spread
Endemic
disease found in local areas only (ex: malaria only found in Africa bc of rivers infested with virus carrying mosquitoes)
Pandemic
Rapid spread of a disease throughout many countries
Epidemic
Rapid spread of a disease to a lot of people suddenly
Levels of prevention
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Primary level (level of prevention)
Reduce exposure and alter susceptibility to disease (avoid crowds, get vaccinated)
Secondary level (level of prevention)
Early detection of disease (pap smear, breast exam, screenings)
Tertiary level (level of prevention)
Rehabilitation (forms of rehab)
Active Immunization
Injected with a non live virus,, so that you develop your own antibodies against virus
Passive Immunization
Live virus/antibodies injected into person
Antibodies
Immunoglobin
Homeostasis
Equilibrium state in human body, "level of balance"
General Adaptation Syndromes (GAS)
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Alarm (G.A.S.)
*Fight or flight response
*-SURVIVE-
*Release of cortisol, epinephrine and sympathetic response
Resistance (G.A.S.)
Bodies return to homeostasis after state of alarm
Exhaustion (G.A.S.)
Body is unable to return to homeostasis after state of alarm (Sickness: progression, dehydration, fainting, etc.)
Stressors (types)
Physical, Chemical or emotional stress
Stressors pathway (Via anterior pituitary gland)
Excite receptors,
-detected by HYPOTHALUMUS-
Releases CRH to stimulate ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
(secretes ACTH, which goes into bloodstream)
then stimulates ADRENAL CORTEX (outer adrenal gland)
, which releases CORTISOL & ALDOSTERONE (glucocorticoids)
-Once this stage(anterior pituitary) is activated, the alarm stage progresses to a state of resistance-
Hypothalamus simultaneously...
releases CRH to stimulate sympathetic nervous system and anterior pituitary gland
Stressors pathway (Via sympathetic nervous system)
Hypothalamus releases CRH to stimulate Sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates the
ADRENAL MEDULLA (inner adrenal gland)
which secretes
EPINEPHRINE & NOREPHRINE (catecholamines)
causing "flight or fight" response (alarm)
SURVIVAL MODE
Cell injury is both...
reversible & irreversible
Hydropic swelling
water follows sodium, more sodium inside cell means more water-causing swelling in cells-
Active transport
Requires ATP
-movement of substance form low to high concentration-
Example: Sodium pump
(moves molecules against their concentration gradient)
Passive transport
No ATP required
Example: Alveoli in lungs when they exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Ischemia
a decrease in blood flow to an organ or part of body, especially in heart muscles
Examples of reversible cell injury
Ischemia, Hyopic swelling
Examples of irreversible cell injury
Necrosis (zero blood flow, zero oxygen)
Myocardial Infarction
Complete obstruction of heart due to blood clot & fate deposits
AKA: Heart attack
Coagulate
blood clot
Caseous necrosis example
TB
FAT necrosis
Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
-pancreas normally secretes lipase to help digest fats-
Liquefaction Necrosis
Brain necrosis
Coagulation
Blood clotting
-blood changes from liquid to gel-
Cellular Adaptation
ability for cell to adapt to stress
Ex: weight lifting
Hypertrophy
Cells become enlarged
Ex: Weight lifters
Atrophy
Cells become smaller
Ex: Flaccid muscles when you don't use them
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Metaplasia
When one type of cell converts to another type of cell
Dysplasia
Cell becomes disorganized in shape, arrangement and size.
Can convert to cancer (pre-neoplastic- leads to becoming malignant)
Benign
non-cancerous
Malignant
cancerous
- can metastasize to blood, lymph nodes, contiguity, bone-
Lipoma
benign fatty mass (tumor)
Liposarcoma
malignant tumor of fat
Carcinoma
cancerous tumor
Lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
Neoplastic
New growth
Cachexia
severe form of malnutrition
Angiogenesis
New blood vessel formation (can be good or bad) (bad for cancer growth)
-we need to find how to deprive cancer cells of blood flow so they die off-
Idiopathic
unknown cause
Pathophysiology
the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
Anatomy studies..
structure
Physiology studies...
function
Clinical manifestations
signs and symptoms
Tachycardia
fast heart rate
Bradycardia
slow heart rate
Carcinogenesis
the initiation of cancer formation
Somatic Death
Characterized as he absence of respiration or heartbeat
-short period after somatic death occurs, resuscitation may take place-
Allostasis
The bodies ability to maintain a stable physiological environment by adjusting and changing to meet internal and external demands.
Iatrogenic
produced by a physician (the unexpected results from a treatment prescribed by a physician)
Most common tumor suppressor gene
P53
Stage where patient functions normally although diseases well established
Subclinical stage
Effects of excessive cortisol production are...
Immune suppression
Persistence in the alarm stage will ultimately result in
Permanent damage and death
Cellular component most susceptible to radiation injury is
DNA
Proto-oncogenes
normal cells that promotes growth
overactivation promotes oncogene (tumor related cells)
Apoptosis
Programmed Cell Death
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are called...
Carcinomas
Extreme cold injures cells by...
Peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation
Crystallization of cellular components
Ischemic injury from vasoconstriction [Show Less]