Proto-oncogenes
normal cellular genes that promote growth
The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because
... [Show More] of
tumor necrosis factor
Metaplasia is
the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in
permanent damage and death
The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the
DNA
The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is
intracellular accumulations
C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is
streptococcal infection
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of
tertiary prevention
An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of
secondary prevention
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will
kill rapidly dividing cells
The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is
energy and repair
The effect of stress on the immune system
may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system
All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except
necrosis
Coagulative necrosis is caused by
interrupted blood supply
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by
norepinephrine
A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
primary prevention
A disease that is native to a particular region is called
endemic
Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is
calcium
Reperfusion injury to cells
involves formation of free radicals
All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
aldosterone
Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including
Burkitt lymphoma
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death
(T/F) When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic
True
The effects of excessive cortisol production include
immune suppression
Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is
deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types
(T/F) In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive.
False
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of
secondary prevention
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor
is malignant
Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is
cigarette smoking
Carbon monoxide injures cells by
reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin
The primary effect of aging on all body systems is
decreased functional reserve
Allostasis is best defined as
the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being
Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
insulin
In general, with aging, organ size and function
decrease
Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
pupil constriction
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as
subclinical [Show Less]