what are the five characteristics of development
life long, multidirectional, contexual, multidisciplinary, multidimensional
what does it mean
... [Show More] when development is lifelong?
Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; no age period dominates development
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Development is multidimensional
Has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions
development is multidirectional
Some dimensions expand and others shrink
Development is plastic
The capacity for change
what does it mean when development is multidisciplinary
Various areas of study have an interest in the field of development through the life span
development is contextual
All development occurs within a context, or setting (social, cultural, and historic factors)
What is development by nature?
refers to an organism's biological inheritance
what is development by nurture?
its environmental experiences
example of development by nature
beliefs that genetics is the cause. Personality learned by parents, homosexuality is genetic or out of someones control, health risks passed on from parent to child
example of development by nurture
Obestiy is caused by poor eating habits, homosexuality is a choice, education is learned by environmental aspects and not genetics
what is development by continuity?
change is gradual
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What is development by discontinuity?
change is in distinct stages
example of development by discontinuity
an insect growing through distinct stages- caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly
example of development by continuity
a child gradually learning to walk - crawl, stand, and then walk
what is development by stability?
we become older renditions of our early experience
what is development by change?
we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point
example of development by stability
being shy due to hereditary or experiences at a young age
example of development by change
personalities are modified by interactions among family and experiences
what are the Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Theories ?
Freud and Erikson theory
what are the cognitive theories?
Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing
what are the Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theory
Skinners Operant conditioning and Banduras Social cognitive model
what are the Ecological Theory?
Ethology and Ecological theory
Freud Theory
He thought that as children grow up, their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shifts from the mouth to the anus and eventually to the genitals
what are the stages of the Freud Theory
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitals
what is the age span of the oral stage
0-1.5 years
what is the age span of the anus stage?
1.5-3 years
what is the age span of the phallic stage?
3-6 years
what is the age span of the latency stage?
6 years-pubery
what is the age span of the genital stage?
puberty-onward
what is Erikson's theory?
eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
What is the first stage of Eriksons theory?
Trust vs Mistrust
What is the second stage of Eriksons theory?
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
what is the third stage of Eriksons theory
Initiative vs guilt
what is the fourth stage of Eriksons theory
competence vs inferiority
What is the fifth stage of Eriksons theory
Identity vs Role Confusion [Show Less]