During early childhood, children use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. Erikson referred to this
... [Show More] as_____________ ; failure to do so may result in experiencing_________________
Initiative & Guilt
Evolutionary view
biological dispositions, males and females involved in a way that benefitted them.
Males who have more sex partners have increased chance of having more offspring. Males evolved to
be violent, competitive and risk takers. Females focused on having a mate that could provide for their
offspring.
Social role theory
a theory that gender differences result from he contrasting roles of men and
women
Psychoanalytic theory
children first identify with opposite sex parent, and then same sex parent
Social cognitive theory
children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of
other people, and through being rewarded/punished for gender appropriate/inappropriate behavior.
Authoritative Parenting
Encourages independence but within limits, warm and nurturing, respect for
child's own decisions.
Authoritarian Parenting
Parents are demanding, expect obedience, are not responsive to children's
own desires, communicate poorly with children
Indulgent Parenting
Parents are low on control, have few rules and avoid controlling their children.
Children never learn to control their own behavior and they get whatever they want.
Neglectful Parenting
Parent is uninvolved in child's life, feel that their own life is more important.
Children tent to be socially incompetent, truant and delinquent.
Physical abuse
the infliction of physical injury
Child neglect
failure to provide for basic needs.
Most common maltreatment.
Sexual abuse
when an adult uses a child for sexual purposes
Emotional abuse
Acts by caregivers that cause serious behavioral/cognitive/
emotional problems
Dimension of play: Sensorimotor
behavior engaged in by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas
Dimension of play: Practice
Repetition of behavior that allows new skills to be learned
Dimension of play: Pretense/Symbolic
When a child transforms aspects of the physical environment into symbols.
Reflects child's advancements in cognitive development
Dimension of play: Social
Interacting with peers
Stage of Development: Infancy
Height: 20in long
Weight: 7 lbs
Stage of Development: Early/Middle Childhood
Height: Grow 2-3 in/ yr
**Age 11
*Girls are 4ft 10in
*Boys are 4 ft 9in
Cognitive changes- children in the concrete operational stage
*Can consider several characteristics rather than focusing on a single property of an object.
*Classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and consider their irrelationship
Short term memory
A passive store house with shelves to store info until it is moved into long term
memory
Working memory
Mental workbench where people manipulate and assemble info
Long term memory
Permanent and unlimited type of memory, increases with age during middle and late childhood.
Sternburg's theory
intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical
intelligence.
Analytical intelligence
Ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, contrast.
Tend to be favored in conventional schooling.
Have good grades, go to
good colleges
Creative intelligence
Ability to create, design, invent, organize, imagine.
Not the top of their class, may not learn according to teacher's specific construction, find their own unique ways to learn
Practical intelligence
Ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practiceDo not relate well to demands of school, but do well outside of school.
Have excellent social skills and common sense.
Often become managers, politicians.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
suggests there are eight types of intelligence, or "frames of mind."
Name of Intelligence: Verbal
Students high in this might like:
Writing, speaking, word puzzles
Name of Intelligence: Mathematical
Students high in this might like:
Math games, numbers, logic puzzles
Name of Intelligence: Spatial
Students high in this might like:
Maps, charts, drawing, sculpture
Name of Intelligence: Body Kinesthetic
Students high in this might like:
Movement, dance, sports
Name of Intelligence: Musical
Students high in this might like:
Musical instruments, singing, listening to sounds
Name of Intelligence: Interpersonal
Students high in this might like:
Cooperative games, peer tutoring, interacting with others
Name of Intelligence: Interpersonal
Students high in this might like: [Show Less]