Multidirectional
Some dimensions expand and others shrink
multidimensional
Has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional
... [Show More] dimensions
plastic
The capacity for change
lifelong
Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development, no age period dominates development
Multidisciplinary
Various areas of study have an interest in the field of development through the life span
Contextual
All development occurs within a context, or setting (social, cultural, and historic factors)
Nature
Refers to an organism's biological inheritance. Genetics, personality, appearance
Nurture
Refers to an organism's environmental experiences. How much a parent reads with their children is related to how well children learn and enjoy to read.
Continuity
Gradual, cumulative change. Oak grows from seedling to giant oak, gradual change but still an oak
Discontinuity
Distinct change. Caterpillar to a butterfly.
Stability
The result of heredity and possibly early experiences in life. Neg/pos experiences in early life effect a person's development and personality as they age.
Change
Later experiences in life can alter a person's development. A person can grow/alter later in life due to recent changes/experiences.
Freud
Psychoanalytical. Psychosexual. Personality shaped during first 5 years of life. Focus for pleasure evolves from anus to mouth.
Erikson
8 stages of development. Also psychoanalytical. Primary motivation for human behavior is social
Piaget
Cognitive theorist. Children go through 4 stages of development. Organization and adaptation underlie the cognitive construct of the world.
Vygotsky
Cognitive theorist. Believed children actively constructed their knowledge. His theory is sociocultural cognitive theory. Emphasized how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
Information processing
Emphasized that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information
Operant conditioning
Created by B.F. Skinner. Reward vs punishment. Consequences of actions shape the occurrence of that action
Bandura's social cognitive model
Behavior, environment, and cognition are key factors in development. Cognitive processes have important links with environment and behavior
Ecological theory
Emphasized environmental factors and holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems. 5 systems: Microsystems, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem
Ethology
Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
How does Erikson's theory differ from that of Freud?
Erikson believed development is social rather than sexual
What are the 8 stages of Erikson's development in order?
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs identity confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair [Show Less]