Speculation
is derived from the latin word specula, which means "watch tower." it implies above that of an ordinary person
specula
a latin word
... [Show More] which means "watch tower"
Speculation
it is sometimes considered as detached because it is an activity best done alone and in isolation.
Speculation
it is often a result of contemplation, which you can do on your own.
Philosophy as critical thinking or analysis
questions, judges, and evaluates any and all principles and premises that may be gained through speculation.
To criticize
it means to "judge" and/or to "analyze"
Logical
where philosophical problems are solved through a careful analysis of the logical structure of philosophical assertions.
Logical Analysis
in this analysis, a statement is reduced into its simplest form, called an elementary sentence, which is then verified through observation.
Linguistics
where the meanings of words are analyzed for their clarity and consistency.
Philosophizing
has to involve both the speculative and the critical aspects of looking at things since philosophy is directed toward a holistic perspective and a broader view of explaining the world.
John Mourant and Hans Freund
they emphasized, "Without criticism, philosophy would be sheer poetry; without speculation, it would be mere logic hopping.
Reflective Inquiry
John Dewey, in the book How we Think, characterized reflective thinking as "a kind of thought where the grounds for the belief is deliberately sought and the adequacy to support the belief examined.
The method of reflective inquiry
it is not far from the speculation, which involves being part of or experiencing the world.
Reflective Inquiry
it has to happen with others who are likewise involved in the process of thinking.
Reflective Inquiry
like criticism, is active and persistent, and it requires careful considerations of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends.
Reflective Inquiry
it mirrors scientific inquiry.
The Value of Truth
realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
The Value of Truth
evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing
Logic
one of the branches of philosophy, is even dedicated to the discovery of principles for correct reasoning.
Belief
as defined by the oxford dictionary, it refers to the acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists.
Belief
it is considered as a firmly held opinion or conviction.
Traditional conception of belief
which can be traced as far back as saint augustine's period, characterized it as "to believe is nothing but to think with assent."
Conception of belief
in the contemporary period extends to include the forms of representation of a belief.
Belief
is a mental state of having some attitude, stance, take, or opinion about a proposition or about the potential state of affairs in which the true position is true.
Correspondence Theory of Truth
states that the key truth is the relation between propositions and the world.
Correspondence Theory of Truth
this means that "a belief is true if there exists an appropriate entity to which it corresponds. is there's no such entity, the belief is false
Coherence of Theory of Truth
states that the truth of any proposition in its coherence with some specified set of proposition. this means that the truth conditions of the proposition are based on other propositions
Coherence Theory of Truth
in simpler terms, it insists that a belief is true if it is part of a coherent system of beliefs.
Coherence Theory
it is not a criterion for truth but the nature of truth itself.
Pragmantic Theory Truth
holds that a proposition is true if it is useful to believe it.
Utility
it is the essential mark of truth.
Shortcomings of the Theories of Truth
while the theories of truth present various perspectives on truth, each theory receives criticisms on its characterization of the nature of truth.
William Clifford
In his essay "Ethics of Belief," he claimed that it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone to believe anything on insufficient evidence.
Rene Descartes
a rationalist philosopher, claimed that we have the obligation to withhold assent from all propositions whose truth we do not clearly and distinctly perceived.
Plato
distinguished between opinion and intellect regarding the visible realm of sensible objects [Show Less]