Philosophy
An Active, intelectual interprise dedicated to explore the most important and fundamental questions of life.
Metaphysics
Concerned
... [Show More] with the Most basic issues: reality, existance, personhood, freedom vs determinism. Referred By Aristotle 1 philosphy.
Epistemology
Also called "Theory of knowledge". Is the part concerned with knowledge and related concepts.
Ethics
"Moral philosophy." Concerned with the right and wrong and other issues related to evaluating human conduct.
Logic
Devoted in Studying reason itself and the structure of arguments.
Analytical thinking
Basic tools if philisophy. Aims to define a concept under investagation by uncovering its defining charecteristics, that is necessary and sufficient conditions.
Critical thinking
Judge whether a claim is believeble and convencing, that is, whether it is based on solid facts or good reasons. All the intellectual disciplines that deal with evidence and proof.
Necessary conditions
Are those properties that must be present for something be an example of the concept in question.
Ex: Square
90 * angle
4 sides
2 dimemsional.
Argument
Series of statements that are either orally or in writting, it is a claim of some sort, and the rest are the reasons for making this claim.
Sufficient conditions
Of a concept are The set of neccesary conditions that if met, it qualyfies that something as an example of a particular concept.
Conclusion
Tecnical label for the arguments claim, point, or result
Premises
The reasons that allegedly lead to the conclusion of an argument
Fallacies
Weaknesses or mistakes in argumentation. It is concerned with a arguments form or lgical structure are formal fallacies. Subject matter fallacies are called informal fallacies.
Ethical relativism
Denies the existence of universal, objective ethical principles and asserts that ethical judgements are simply an expression of the limited perspective of individuals or societies.
Result oriented ethics
approach to ethics claims that the ethical charecter of an action depends on whether its concequences are positive or negative.
Anthropomorphic
Something thtax is explained by in human terms. Interpretation of reality explains things in terms of who is responsible for them, not simply what happened.it appeals to the notion of gods. Divine beings.
Categorical imperative
Immanuel Kant's concept of a universal moral law. Two formulations are: "act as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become universal law of nature" and "Act in such way that treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never simply as means.
Presocratic philosophers
Lived during the two centuries between Thales and Socrates and characterized by their inquiries into the nature of reality. Which are Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes.
Asserting rule ( modus ponens)
If A then B, asserts A therefore concludes B
Denying Rule (Modust Tolens)
If A then -B, Deny B, therefor conclude in denying -A
Invalid Asserting rule
If A then B, Asserts B, therefore concludes A
Invalid Denying Rule
If A then B, Denies -A, therefore concludes in denying - B
Ethical objectivism
Some are wrong and correct ethic, can judge others cultures.
Result oriented ethics,Teleological. ethics: Utilitarianism
G. bantham, Something is good or bad depending if it produces tangible good or harm for the other people.
Act oriented ethics, or Deontological ethics
To determine right and wrong, we must examine what we do, not the consequences of the actions.
Consequentialism
Morality depends on the positive and negative of a consequence outcome.
Happiness principle
Greatest happiness for the greatest number.
Dignity and universality principle
Have a right for smelting because we have basic need for it. Work, freedom, life itself, equality, personal security, protection by just legal system, political rights, private life, ability to choose marriage and family, freedom of thought and action, work, and rest.
Moral Agent
Ability to make oral judgments based on right and wrong and be held accountable for the actions.
Philosophical materialism
Physical reality, maintains that reality is ultimately comprised of a particular material substance. This contrasts idealism.
intelligible world
Higher level of reality, Invisible to our senses but not to our minds.
Visible world
Physical world which we know by our senses.
Platonic forms
Ideas are rooted in the ideas, not matter. Plato says these are more real and better sources of truth and knowledge than the objects present themselves to our senses.
Philosophical idealism
Opposite from materialism, idealism maintains that reality is rooted in ideas, not matter.
Objective idealism
Even though material objects are less real than ideas, these objects nonetheless exist independently of the ideas.
Subjective idealism
Objects do not exist apart from being perceived.mp [Show Less]