Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation
... [Show More] - Answer- C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class - Answer- B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above - Answer- A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose all that apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else
D. None of the above - Answer- A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
B. Duty to warn
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above - Answer- B. Duty to warn
Behavior Theory - Answer- comes from the idea that all behaviors are learned and acquired through a process known as conditioning
What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson? - Answer- behavior theory
Behavior Therapy - Answer- concentrates on the observable behaviors of a person or group, and dismisses internal mental states
Key components of Behavior theory: - Answer- conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? - Answer- the concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are subjective rather than objective
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? - Answer- Trained
Classical Conditioning - Answer- a process in which a subject comes to respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
Operant Conditioning - Answer- a process in which a subject engages in the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli? - Answer- Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval) - Answer- B.F. Skinner - behavioral theorist
Continuous reinforcement schedule - Answer- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement schedule - Answer- reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule - Answer- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a predetermined number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? - Answer- a high, steady rate of responses.
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they answer five questions correctly - Answer- Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule - Answer- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? - Answer- High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine - Answer- variable-ratio
fixed-interval schedule - Answer- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two minutes of activity and then after each two minutes of activity? - Answer- fixed-interval
variable-interval schedule - Answer- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of activity, three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... - Answer- variable-interval
In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and punishment _______________ behavior. - Answer- Increases, Decreases
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? - Answer- Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either removes a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior avoids noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what his name is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental status examination? - Answer- Sensorium
What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born between 1965 and 1976? - Answer- Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options open
A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden, however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before he was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's change in behavior following the divorce? - Answer- Homeostasis
What are the four stages of Bergan's behavioral model of consultation? - Answer- Problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, problem evaluation
Delirium, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are all what type of disorder? - Answer- Neurocognitive
A family counselor who consciously joins with the family during sessions, observes what he experiences during those sessions, and then makes interpretations to family members is most likely operating from what perspective?
A. Bowen
B. Humanistic
C. Experiential
D. Narrative - Answer- C. Experiential
A counselor works closely with clients from a culture different from hers in an attempt to understand their perspectives - is an example of what type of worldview? - Answer- Emic
Facts about social justice counseling: - Answer- - it seeks a balance of power and resources
- it addresses issues of unequal power
- it has led to ACA identifying advocacy competencies for counselors
what is shaping in operant conditioning? - Answer- a way of adding behaviors to a persons repertoire
-used when target behavior does not yet exist
-what is reinforced is an approximation of the target behavior, the behavior you want to shape.
Thorndike is best known for what theory? - Answer- law of effect - responses that are immediately positively reinforced are more likely to occur again in the future.
-also, responses that are immediately negatively reinforced are are less likely to occur in the future.
Cognitive theories of psychology focus on what? - Answer- a persons thought processes, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking, and attention.
Aaron Beck is what kind of theorist?? - Answer- Cognitive
-believed people had automatic thoughts which are spontaneous negative cognitive distortions.
-negative thoughts affect a persons behavior.
-regardless of disorder a person is experiencing - he believed if negative thoughts could be identified, they could be evaluated and replaced - which would then change the response or behavior
Filtering, Polarized thinking, Overgeneralization, Catastrophizing, Personalization, Control Fallacies, Blaming, Shoulds, Emotional Reasoning, and Always being right - are examples of what? - Answer- Cognitive Distortions
Filtering - Answer- negative details of a situation are magnified and all positive details of the situation are deleted. The person then dwells on the negative of the situation.
Polarized thinking - Answer- Situations, People or places are either "all or nothing". For example, a person either loves or hates others, or perceives situations as "the best ever" or "the worst ever"
Overgeneralization - Answer- Based on one experience or little information, a person draws a conclusion. For example if a person got into a car accident at a store parking lot, they might come to view the store as dangerous and refuse to return
Catastrophizing - Answer- A person expects the worst, even when there is evidence to suggest otherwise. For example, a person might not apply for a job, thinking they won't get it anyway - so why bother?
Personalization - Answer- The belief that every response is directed at the person and that they are the cause of external events or feelings. For example, a victim may blame themselves for leaving their house for work late, perceiving that their own lateness was the cause of the car accident.
Control Fallacies - Answer- A person sees himself or herself as a victim and believes that the external world has an inordinate amount of control over him or her. For example "I wouldn't have forgotten my work assignment if my boss didn't give me so much work". There are also internal control fallacies where a person views themselves as responsible. For example, "My boss is mad at me because he didn't greet me today". There are also fallacies of control, which is a belief that life in general is not fair.
Blaming - Answer- A person blames others for their situation, such as attributing the cause of negative behaviors to others actions.
Shoulds - Answer- A belief in the "should and should nots" For example someone might think, "I should eat healthier. I should not eat all these chips. If i was stronger, I wouldn't be so fat"
Emotional Reasoning - Answer- A belief that emotions are thoughts, or the thought that because one thinks or feels something, it might be true. For example, a thought might be, " I don't feel like working today, so I must be depressed"
Always being right - Answer- A person's need to go to all lengths to prove themselves right, even when evidence suggests otherwise
Mindfulness cognitive therapy is mostly used for what? - Answer- medical and emotional issues
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - Answer- sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations, and formal operations
sensorimotor stage - Answer- in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Preoperational stage - Answer- in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Concrete Operational - Answer- in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Thinking still is egocentric
formal operational - Answer- in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (11 years and older) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. Can formulate ideas regarding morals and ethics, social situations, political situations, and future planning.
Schema - Answer- a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations
What are the three ways human beings acquire schemas? - Answer- Assimilation, Accommodation, equilibration
Assimilation - Answer- adding to an existing schema as new stimuli or situations are experienced
Accommodation - Answer- The process of changing our current schema, or the development of an entirely new schema
Equilibration - Answer- The balance between assimilation and accommodation.
Developmental Theories - Answer- focus on the growth and development of humans at certain ages across the lifespan. They attempt to explain how a person develops emotionally or psychologically. Some theories believe that the stages are continuous, while others feel they are discontinuous.
What does it mean if one believes stages of development are discontinuous? - Answer- a human being could not move past a developmental stage until the issue or crisis was resolved.
Freud's believed - Answer- human beings possess an inherent sexual energy, which he labeled as libido. Libido which is present from birth, develops over 5 stages. He believed that personality was developed by the successful completion of these stages and was fully developed by puberty. He also believed if a stage was unresolved, the person would be fixated at this stage which would lead to mental disorders etc.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages - Answer- oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
oral stage - Answer- Freud's first stage of psychosexual development, (birth to about age 1 or 2) during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.
Oral stage fixation - Answer- If child is neglected, or when the child has to wean from the breast or bottle, they become upset. fixation in adulthood is a smoking habit
Anal stage - Answer- Freud's second stage of psychosexual development (1 to 3 years) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; gratification from the ability to independently control physical elimination
Anal stage fixation - Answer- Conflict occurs if the child is excessively punished for their inability to control their bowels, or if they are exposed to rigid scheduling. Fixation would be someone who is compulsively clean or neat, in which case they would be known as "anal retentive"
phallic/yonic stage - Answer- Freud's third stage of psychosexual development (3 - 6 years) A child focuses on their own genitalia. The child realizes there are differences between males and females.
phallic/yonic stage fixation - Answer- Freud believed that conflict that occurs in this stage that he called the oedipus complex, where he felt that a child subconsciously longs for the attention of their parent of the opposite sex. This stage is still considered controversial in the psychological world.
Latent Stage - Answer- Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development (6 years - puberty) This is a time where a child may continue to work towards resolution of the previous stages, or is fairly dormant.
Genital Stage - Answer- Freud's 5th and last stage of personality development (puberty through adulthood - 12+) a person can identify their sexual urges but is able to delay gratification. A person is working on or has established the ability to obtain and maintain relationships that are outside sexual desires as well as friendships.
Freud's theory of the human psyche includes: - Answer- id, ego, superego
Id - Answer- Based on instinct, impulsivity and pleasure. The id demands immediate gratification. The id is not in touch with reality or logic.
Ego - Answer- This part of the psyche attempts to balance the needs of the id and the needs of the superego. The ego is reality-based.
Superego - Answer- This part of the psyche is based on morals and ethics. The superego strives to always do the right thing or not act at all.
Freuds thoughts about conscious mind, subconscious mind, and the unconscious mind - Answer- conscious mind - very aware of your thoughts, memories, and actions
subconscious - just below the conscious mind, info should be able to be retrieved at this level but there's something blocking it
unconscious mind - where thoughts, feelings or information goes when your conscious can not cope with the information, this can be because it is too traumatic for the psyche to recall
Erik Erikson's focus - Answer- on conflicts that take place within the ego, while freud focused on conflict between the id and ego
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - Answer- Eight stages in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts and hopefully masters new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages
(Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs. Guilt, Ego Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs Despair)
Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust - Answer- (Infants, 0 - 1 year)
The first stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development centers around the infants basic needs being met by the parents.
If warmth, regularity, affection - trust
If parents fail to provide a secure environment and to meet the child's basic need - mistrust
Major developmental task in infancy is to learn whether or not other people especially primary caregivers regularly satisfy basic needs.
Will: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Answer- (Toddlers, 2 - 3 years)
The second stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where as the child gains control over eliminative functions and motor abilities, they begin to explore their surroundings.
Parents who provide patience and and encouragement - autonomy
Restrictive parents instill doubt and reluctance to attempt new challenges - shame and doubt
As they gain increased muscular coordination and mobility, toddlers become capable of satisfying some of their own needs.
Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt - Answer- (Preschool, 4 - 6 years)
The third stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where initiative adds to autonomy the quality of undertaking, planning and attacking a task for the sake of being active and on the move. learning basic skills and principles of physics - things fall down, not up. round things roll, zip pants, tie shoes. Wants to complete his own actions for a purpose
Guilt is confusing - may feel guilty over things that logically should not cause guilt.
Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority - Answer- (Childhood, 7 - 12 years)
The fourth stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where the aim to bring a productive situation to completion gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play.
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion - Answer- (Adolescents, 13 - 19 years)
The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where the adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others. Search for meaning for oneself, as evidenced in the promise of a career. In later stages of adolescence child develops sense of sexual identity.
Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation - Answer- (Young Adults, 20 to 34 years)
The sixth stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where Erikson believes people are sometimes isolated due to intimacy
We are afraid of rejections such as being turned down or our partners breaking up with us.
Care: Generativity vs. Stagnation - Answer- (Middle Adulthood, 35 - 65 years)
The seventh stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial DevelopmentThe concern of establishing and guiding the next generation. Socially valued work and disciplines are expressions of generativity. Simply having children does not in itself achieve generativity.
During middle age, the primary developmental task is is one of contributing to society and helping to guide future generations.
Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair - Answer- (Seniors, 65+)
The eighth stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - Main Question: "Have I lived a full life?"
Humanistic Psychology - Answer- focuses on the overall good of human beings instead of the negativity or mental illness of the individual. Believes that all people are innately good. Stresses the importance of an individuals potential.
Believes that negative behavior, mental illness and social problems occur when a person responds to the environment in a negative way that deviates from the natural tendency to do good.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answer- physiological - basic needs food, water, & shelter
safety
love/belonging - social needs
esteem - self esteem, achievement
self-actualization - morality, meeting potential
Who are two well known personality theorists? - Answer- Henry Murray and Karen Horney
Henry Murray and Psychogenic Needs - Answer- developed a theory of personality that suggests personality is influenced by our needs (psychogenic needs) These are at an unconscious level, but have a great impact on our personality.
Two types of needs:
Primary - biological needs such as the need for food water and shelter
Secondary - psychological or emotional needs, such as the need to be cared for or nurtured, need for independence, and success.
Murray identified 24 needs that each person has. Ambition needs, Materialistic needs, Power needs, Affection needs, Information needs.
Horneys List of Neurotic Needs - Answer- Believed neurosis was a result of anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships
10 neurotic needs classed into three broad categories
-needs that move you towards others
-needs that move you away from others
-needs that move you against others
Big Five Dimensions of Personality - Answer- The proposed five basic dimensions of personality
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness - thoughtfulness, good impulse control, goal-directed behaviors
Extraversion
Agreeableness - altruism
Neuroticism - those high in this trait tend to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability and sadness
Borderline Personality Theory - Answer- Marsha Linehan - Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) - believes disorder is developed due to environmental situations that occur through childhood - called this the Invalidating Environment - person who is emotionally vulnerable has an excessive autonomic nervous system response to stress - level of distress causes an irrational behavioral and emotional response "emotional dysregulation"
4 key skills trained in DBT: - Answer- -core mindfulness skills
-interpersonal effectiveness skills
-emotion modulation skills
-distress tolerance skills
David Kolb - Answer- has one of best known models of learning styles - he believed that individual learning styles evolve from personal genetics, as well as the environment.
David Kolbys identified 4 learning styles: - Answer- The converger - high ability in abstract conceptualization and active experimentation
the diverger - high ability in concrete experience and reflective observation
the assimilator - high ability in abstract conceptualization and reflective observation
the accommodator - high ability in concrete experience and active experimentation
Charles Spearman - Answer- creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, belief that intelligence could be measured and scored
Louis L. Thurstone - Answer- seven primary mental abilities:
verbal comprehension, reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, word fluency, associative memory, spatial visualization.
Howard Gardner - Answer- Multiple Intelligences - believed that identifying a person's intelligence by a score was not the best way to measure intelligence. 8 intelligences
Robert Sternberg - Answer- triarchic theory of intelligence- [1] analytical - problem-solving [2] practical [3] creative
Social learning theory is associated with who? - Answer- Bandura - he believed that there was a social element to learning, which included that people learn behaviors by watching other people interact. This is known as modeling.
Three core concepts of social learning: - Answer- 1. People can learn through observation - Three models: Live, verbal instructional, symbolic
2. Mental states are important to learning - Intrinsic reinforcement, form of internal reward [Show Less]