Final Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (NEW 2024/
2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology
Review| Questions and Verified Answers|
100% Correct |Grade A –
... [Show More] Chamberlain
QUESTION
Labs for renal calculi
Answer:
Evaluate renal function (GFR) Identify any metabolic abnormalities
QUESTION
Conservative treatment for renal calculi
Answer:
For stones that are less than 5 mm, that are asymptomatic, or causing only mild symptoms
Control pain, hydration, observe for spontaneous passage of the stone
QUESTION
Medical management of renal calculi
Answer:
Thiazide diuretics for calcium stones
Allopurinol for uric acid stones
Stone removal for stones larger than 5 mm or stones, causing severe symptoms - lithotripsy
QUESTION
Goals of treatment for renal calculi
Answer:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of the stone
Reduce the size of the stone already formed
Prevent new stone formation
QUESTION
chronic kidney disease
Answer:
The progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic diseases, such as hypertension,
diabetes, mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic, lupus, erythematosus, or intrinsic
kidney disease
QUESTION
Stage 1 CKD
Answer:
GFR 90-120
There is damage to kidney with normal or increased GFR
QUESTION
Stage 2 CKD
Answer:
GFR 60-89
There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
QUESTION
Stage 3 CKD
Answer:
GFR 30-59
There is moderate decrease in GFR
* This is a significant phase! GFR below 60- still a chance to improve function and avoid
dialysis.
QUESTION
Stage 4 CKD
Answer:
GFR 15-29
There is severe reduction in GFR .
Once this stage is reached, progression to the next stage is inevitable, as well as dialysis or
kidney transplant being necessary .
QUESTION
Stage 5 CKD
Answer:
GFR <15
Needs dialysis or kidney transplant
QUESTION
Dialysis and so determining who is the candidate for dialysis
Answer:
Based on symptoms, kidney function, overall health status, individual circumstances
QUESTION
Six reasons for dialysis
Answer:
1.Metabolic acidosis. (Low pH)
2.Hyperkalemia, with EKG changes - peaked T waves.
3.Drug toxicity (salicylates, lithium, isopropanolol, methanol, Etheline glycol).
4.Fluid overload (not responding to diuretics)/ HTN/ pulmonary edema
5.Uremic symptoms - due to nitrogenous waste in bloodstream.
6.Progressive loss of kidney function.
QUESTION
Number one cause of ESRD
Answer:
DM + HTN combined
QUESTION
Why anemia occurs in ESRD
Answer:
Reduce production of erythropoietin, which is responsible for triggering the production of
RBCs, rather than the lack of iron or a reduction in the RBCs
QUESTION
Symptoms of CKD
Answer:
•Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
•Anemia
• hyperkalemia With abnormal EKG findings and elevated T waves
• Excess hydrogen ions, causing metabolic acidosis
• Uremia, which can cause pericarditis, encephalitis, bleeding, and increased risk of infections
(the second most common cause of death for end stage renal disease patients)
• Fluid volume overload-diuretics can be used to stimulate renal function for patients in stage 1
to 3.If diuretic therapy fails, or if in stage four or five and dialysis is indicated.
QUESTION
What causes fluid volume overload in chronic kidney disease?
Answer:
Due to inability of the kidney to filter fluid through the glomerulus due to a reduced GFR
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