What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
A chronic & progressive inability of the heart to pump sufficiently to meet the body's metabolic
... [Show More] needs.
coronary artery disease (CAD) causes what disease?
most common cause of congestive heart failure
Diuretics function
increase excretion of electrolytes and fluids
why are diuretics used in management of congestive heart failure
help the kidneys get rid of unneeded water and salt
easier for your heart to pump
decreased cardiac preload and wall tension
Diuretics treat what?
hypertension, edema
symptomatic pulmonary and systemic congestion.
Rate of ultrafiltration in glomerulus
120 ml/min
urinary out put should not exceed
1 ml/min
what are the two main principles the kidney follows to maintain its functions of water retention?
1. osmolarity : water goes down its concentration gradient
2. electroneutrality: for each + charge leaving through a membrane a negative charge should follow
Reabsorption through the proximal tubule:
sodium: 60%
Chloride: 45%
bicarbonate:more than 95%
water: 60%
most efficient part of a nephron is?
PCT
Site of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
proximal convoluted tubule
Site of action of osmotic diuretics?
descending loop of Henle
proximal tubule
collecting tubules.
descending limb of loop of henle only reabsorbs?
water
2 MULTIPLE CHOICE OPTIONS
ascending limb of loop of henle only reabsorbs?
salt
what percentage of sodiumchloride gets reabsorbed in the TAL
25%
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE THICK ASCENDING LIMB IN NORMAL FUNCITON OF THE KIDNEY?
regenerates medullary concentration gradient
Loop Diuretics site of action
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle soA
Whats meant by free water in the nephron?
water that is left behind after reabsorption of salt in the TAL
how is free water in tubule reabsorbed?
under influence of ADH
in collecting duct
aquaporin channels placed
water flows in medulla due to concentration gradient instated by urea and salt reabsorption
What is the diluting segment of the nephron?
thick ascending limb
by what process is urea produced in the body
ammonia detoxification
why does the kidney and liver fail together?
when liver fails so will the kidney
without urea produced from ammonia by liver
we can not concentrate urine with the help of adh
NaCl reabsorbed in early distal tubule is?
10%
What is the site of action of thiazide diuretics?
early distal tubule
where does PTH dependent Ca reabsorption take place?
DCT
Where does aldosterone act?
late DCT (minor) and cortical CD (major)
what percentage of total sodium filtered is reabsorbed by aldosterone?
less than 5% [Show Less]