CPH EXAM 2 |55 Questions with Verified Answers
Public health - CORRECT ANSWER fulfillments of societies interest in assuring the conditions in which
... [Show More] people can be healthy.
organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and the promotion of health
public health vs. medical care - CORRECT ANSWER -in public health the patient is the community, in medical care the patient is individual
-public health diagnoses the health of the community using public health sciences
-goal of public health is prevention of disease and disability, in medical care its cure
3 core functions of public health - CORRECT ANSWER -assessment
-policy development
-assurance
The 3 levels of prevention - CORRECT ANSWER -Primary Prevention
-Secondary Prevention
-Teritary Prevention
Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER prevents an illness or injury from occurring at all by preventing exposure to risk factors
EX) vaccination, drunk driving laws, child safety lids
secondary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER seeks to minimize the severity of the illness or the damage due to an injury causing even once the event has occurred
EX) seat belts, mammograms, motorcycle helmet laws
teritary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation services
EX) PT/OT facilities, cancer centers, improved ambulance care, ICU
Chain of Causation - CORRECT ANSWER -Host
-Environment
-Agent
-Vector (cousin)
EX) malaria, suicide
Social Justice - CORRECT ANSWER suggests the minimal levels of income, basic housing, employment, education, and health care should be seen as fundamental rights (common goods)
Market Justice - CORRECT ANSWER emphasizes individual responsibilities, minimal obligation to the common good and the fundamental freedom to all individuals to be left alone.
(Individual Responsibility)
Sources of Public Health Controvery - CORRECT ANSWER -Economic Impact
-Individual Impact
-Moral & religious concerns
-Politics vs. science
-Health Disparities
Health Disparities - CORRECT ANSWER defined as inequalities that exist when members of certain population groups do not benefit from the same health status as other groups
Common divides where we see health disparities - CORRECT ANSWER -SES
-Race/Ethnicity
-Gender
-Geographical Location (Rural, Urban)
-Age
-Education
Role of Local Health Departments - CORRECT ANSWER -Often have responsibilities for providing medical care for the poor
-public health departments begins and ends with the local health departments
What happens at local health departments? - CORRECT ANSWER -Collecting health statistics
-screening and immunizations
-health education services
-communicable disease control programs
-mental health services
Role of State Health Departments - CORRECT ANSWER -the states have primary constitutional responsibility and authority for the protection of the health safety and general welfare of the population.
-close enough to the people to maintain a sense of their needs and preferences, yet large enough to command the resources necessary to get the important jobs done
What happens at the state health departments? - CORRECT ANSWER -coordinate activités of local public health agencies & providing funding
-collect & analyze data
-laboratory services
-manage medicaid
Role of Federal Government - CORRECT ANSWER -Regulate interstate commerce
-Collect taxes
Police Powers - CORRECT ANSWER -Prevent people from harming others
-Defend the interests of competent persons (children, mentally handicapped)
-To protect a person from harming themselves
Role of the CDC (centers for disease control & prevention) - CORRECT ANSWER -Main assessment and epidemiological agency for the nation based in Atlanta, GA
-Traditionally focused on infectious diseases- crisis focused
-national center for health statistics
-prevention and control
Role of NIH - CORRECT ANSWER -Greatest medical research complex in the world
-Bethesda, MD
-Provides grants to universities and research centers throughout the US
-27 institutes and centers
-focus on curing human disease
-strong congressional support
John Snow - CORRECT ANSWER -Father of epidemiology
-Cholera epidemics in London, mid 1850s
-Population unsure of Source- Snow suspected water supply
-"Natural Experiment"
-Shoe leather epidemiology
Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER -The diagnostic discipline of public health
-Assessment
-Investigates causes of diseases
-identifies trends in disease occurrence
-Evaluates effectiveness of medical and public health interventions
-An observational science
Patterns of Disease occurrence - CORRECT ANSWER -Who is getting the disease?
-When did they get the disease?
-Where is the disease occurring?
from this information epidemiologists can infer why the disease is occurring
Endemic - CORRECT ANSWER a disease that exists permanently in a particular region or population.
EX) malaria is a constant worry in parts of africa
Epidemic - CORRECT ANSWER an outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities
Pandemic - CORRECT ANSWER when an epidemic spreads throughout the world
Incidence Rate - CORRECT ANSWER rate of new cases of a disease in a defined population over a define period of time
(measures the probability that a healthy person will develop the disease during that time)
Prevalence Rate - CORRECT ANSWER total number of cases in a defined population at a specific moment in time
(defines the burden of disease typically collected via survey)
Mortality Rate - CORRECT ANSWER number of deaths from a disease in a define population over a define period of time
Different types of Epi studies - CORRECT ANSWER -Intervention Study
-Cohort Study
-Case-Control Study
Intervention study - CORRECT ANSWER -closest thing to an experiment
-start with two groups (experiment, control)
-Randomized control trial is "Gold Standard"
EX)Aspirin to prevent heart disease
Cohort Study - CORRECT ANSWER -For situation when doing all intervention study would be unethical or too difficult
-considered the next most accurate
-choose a large number of healthy people
Case-control study - CORRECT ANSWER -choose people who already have disease for case group
-choose healthy control group of individuals as similar as possible to cases for control group
-always a retrospective study
-Advantage: faster and cheaper
-Least accurate approach
Sources of Error - CORRECT ANSWER -Random variation
-confounding variables
-Bias
(selection bias, reporting bias or recall bias)
p-value: probability - CORRECT ANSWER P<0.05 is usually taken to mean a result is statistically significant
when p=0.05, there is still a 5% chance that the result is still wrong
Different Types of Rates - CORRECT ANSWER -birth rates
-mortality rates
-crude rates
-adjusted rates
-group, specific rates
-years of potential life lost (YPLL)
Risk Reception - CORRECT ANSWER -For well known risk, can be calculated from historical data
-for poorly understood risk,s must make many assumptions
-involves psychological factors
Leading cause of death in 1900s vs. today - CORRECT ANSWER 1900-Infectious Disease
2010-today- heart disease
Means of Transmission - CORRECT ANSWER water
food
vectors (insects or animals)
Air
Formats (inanimate objects)
Fecal oral transmission
Body Fluid
Times of Transmission - CORRECT ANSWER When are things contagious?
symptomatic phase (common cold)
pre-symptomatic phase (measles)
carrier state (typhoid mary)
Typhoid Mary - CORRECT ANSWER Mary Mallon, born in 1869 in Ireland and emigrated to the US in 1884. A health carrier of salmonella typhi her nickname, synonymous with the spread of disease, as many were infected due to her denial of being ill
Chain of infection - CORRECT ANSWER -Pathogen
-Reservoir
-Means of transmissions
-Susceptible Host
Pathogen - CORRECT ANSWER infectious agent; bacterium or parasite that causes the disease
Reservoir - CORRECT ANSWER The place where the pathogen lives and multiplies
EX) rats for plague, bats for rabies
Means of Transmission - CORRECT ANSWER how pathogen travels to new host
EX) mosquito for malaria, flea for plague
Susceptible Host - CORRECT ANSWER Not everyone is equally susceptible
Interrupting chain of infection - CORRECT ANSWER Pathogen- kill w/ antibiotics
Reservoir- Boil water, kill rodents
Means of Transmission- hand washing, condom
Susceptible Host- increase resistance of host by immunization
Eradication of Disease? - CORRECT ANSWER Yes, if there is no non-human reservoir and a vaccine exists
-small pox eradicated in 1977
-polio eradicated from Western Hemisphere
-measles was next target
Herd Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination
Vaccines - CORRECT ANSWER -Rumors of vaccines causing autism (false)
-Side effects do not exist for some vaccines (extremely rare, include fever and seizures)
-Social Vs. Market Justice
-Herd Immunity
-Pharmaceutical companies reluctant to develop vaccines
Tuskegee Study - CORRECT ANSWER a study to record the natural history of syphilis in hopes of justifying treatment programs for african americans.
Assessment (core function) - CORRECT ANSWER -monitor environment and health status to identify and solve community environmental health problems
-diagnose and investigate environmental health problems and health hazards in the community
policy development (core function) - CORRECT ANSWER -inform, educate, and empower people about environmental health issues
-community partnerships and actions to identify and solve environmental health problems
-policies and plans that support individual and community environmental health efforts
assurance (core function) - CORRECT ANSWER -enforce laws and regulations that protect environmental health and ensure safety
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