Alexia
The loss of the ability to read, as the result of a brain injury.
Apasia
Impairs the ability to speak and understand
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Articulation
The act or manner of producing sounds.
Echolalia
Imitation of the mother's sounds, rhythm and tone.
Hyperlexia
The superior ability to reads words without comprehension.
Lexicon
An inventory of word knowledge, either spoken or written. EX: dictionary, encyclopedia
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the middle ear that can lead to temporary conductive hearing loss or permanent hearing loss.
Receptive Language Disorder
The inability to understand or comprehend language heard or read.
Expressive Language Disorder
The inability to put thoughts into words or sentences in ways that make sense and is grammatically correct.
Phonology
Smallest unit of sound. The sounds of letters. Ex: Cat=3 phonemes (c) (a) (t).
Syntax
The grammar system of language. The way words are strung together. Ex: words and punctuation to form sentences, clauses or phrases.
Semantics
Word meaning in language. Ex: final destination = last stop
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Discourse
Written or spoken communication or debate. Ex: Formal writing, a speech.
Morphology
The smallest unit of language that convey meaning. Ex: Root words
Pragmatics
Incapable of understanding the speakers intent (requests and tones) Ex: Can't you turn down the T.V.? = means no; not yes.
Alphabetic Language
A language in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds.
Alphabetic Principle
The use of letters and letter clusters to represent phonemes in an orthography. (spelling)
Anglo Saxon
The language of the Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) who settles in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. It was the dominant language in Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066.
Analytic Instruction
Instruction that separates the whole into its parts to reveal its relationships. (Whole to Part) (Top Down) (Concept driven)
Analytic Phonics
Students hear the whole word and segment into phonemes or sounds in order to spell. (whole to part) Ex: Pit = (p) (i) (t)
Antonyms
Words that are opposite in meaning. (semantics)
Arbitrary Learning
New learning that has no logical connection to already acquired knowledge or practical relationships.
Auditory
relating to or experienced through hearing.
Visual Acuity
Sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. EX: 20/20 vision
Bottom-up Process
Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of accurate sequential reading of every word. Comprehension is viewed as text driven rather than concept driven. (Part to whole) (Start from the bottom)
Concept Driven Process
Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of using one's experiences and expectations to react to text. Also called top-down process. (Whole to part)
Cooperative Learning
Instructional approach in which students work together rather than compete to solve a problem or complete a task.Ex: group work or PBL
Corrective Feedback
Teacher responses during and following practice of a skill that is sensitive to a student's level and that guides him or her closer to mastery.
Cumulative
Having a new learning that is based upon previously learned elements. Ex: Building knowledge as we go.
Diagnostic Teaching
Teaching that uses observation and formal and informal assessments to measure student progress against expected performance standards. Systematic, guided diagnoses of academic barriers. (Prescriptive teaching)
Direct Instruction
Instruction that is delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no question as to the meaning. (Explicit Instruction)
Domains of Language
Language systems. Phonology, syntax, morphology and orthography are language systems that deal with the form of language. Semantics deals with content of lang. and pragmatics deals with the use of lang.
Embedded Phonics
Phonological awareness and phonics taught implicitly through the reading of real words in text. (whole language)
Etymology
The history of word origins and development.
Euphony
Pleasing to the ear. Having a pleasing sound. Ex: illogical; not inlogical. (Chameleon Prefix)
Explicit Instruction
Instruction delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no questions as to the meaning. (Direct Instruction)
Fernald Method
Technique for learning words that involves the visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile (VAKT) modalities. EX: The student looks at the word while saying and tracing it.
Figurative Language
Language that avoids the use of the exact meaning of words and uses exaggeration, metaphors and embellishments.
Greek
The language of the ancient Greeks whose morphemes form scientific terms.
Guided Discovery
Manner of presenting new material or concepts so that they can be deduced or guided by the students. EX: self discovery, What do you notice? in pass, sass, tass
Homographs
Words that have different meanings but share the same spelling. Pronunciations may be same or different. (duck, duck) (bow, bow)
Homonyms
Words that have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. Spellings may be same or different. Ex: (lead, lead) (beet,beat)(sale, sail)
Homophones
Words that have different meanings and spellings but share the same pronunciation. EX: (for, four) (to, two, too)
Idioms
an expression having a meaning that cannot be derived from the meanings of the elements. EX: Take the bull by the horns does not mean what the words say.
Implicit Instruction
Instruction that implies understanding without being expressed. Also known as inferential instruction.
Latin
The language of the ancient Romans from which 60% of English words are derived.
Linguistic
Denoting language processing and language structure.
Linguistics
Study of the production, properties, structure, meaning and or use of language.
Logographic Writing System
A system in which pictures represent the words of language (Chinese). If English were treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 600,000 pictures. EX: Pictures rather than sound.
Metaphor
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that means on thing is used, through implication, to mean something else. Ex: The ship plows the sea.
Multiple Meanings
Different meanings for the same word. EX: homographs
Polygot
A language that is derived from several languages. English is a polygot language, derived from Anglo Saxon, Latin and Greek languages.
Prefix
A letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning.
Rapid Automatized Naming
The rapid naming of a series of printed objects, colors, number or letters repeated over and over in random order. (RAN) [Show Less]