Upper respiratory tract consists of
nose
nasal cavity
mouth
pharynx
larynx
lower respiratory tract consists of
trachea
lungs
bronchial
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airway consists of
nose
nasal cavity
mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchial network
what is the function of alveoli?
allows for exchange of gas
the right lung has how many lobes?
3
left lung has how many lobes?
2
what is the function of pleural membrane?
reduces friction when you breath
what are the respiratory muscles?
diaphragm
intercostal muscles
what are the functions of respiratory system?
- supply O2 through body
- get rid of CO2
- filters air
- speech
- smell (think chemoreceptors)
- helps maintain homeostasis
Hyper or Hypoventilation: increases blood pH (acidosis)
Hyperventilation
Hyper or Hypoventilation: decreases blood pH (alkalosis)
Hypoventilation
Inhalation or Exhalation?
- diaphragm contracts, moves down, increasing chest cavity, pressure decreases
- outside air is under more pressure than air inside lungs
inhalation
Inhalation of exhalation?
- diaphragm/intercostals relax, chest cavity decreases
- controlled by medulla oblongata
exhalation
_________________________________ monitors the level of CO2 in blood, signals breathing rate when levels are too high
medulla oblongata
circulatory system consists of what 3 major parts?
- blood
- blood vessels
- heart
___________, this system cleans up excess fluids and proteins, returning them to circulatory system
lymph vascular system
name the walls of blood vessels:
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
function of blood:
- helps maintain internal environment by carrying raw materials
- removes waste
- helps stabilize pH
- hold 5qts of blood
blood is composed of:
RBC
WBC
platelets
plasma
function of red blood cells:
transports o2 to cells
how long can RBC live up to?
4 months
where does RBC form?
in bone marrow
function of WBC:
defend against infection
removes wastes
forms platelets for coagulation
name 5 types of WBC
N.E.M.B.L
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
basophils
lymphocytes
heart is made of what tissue?
cardiac muscle tissue
this tissue is "self-exciting"
cardiac muscle tissue
what separates the atrium from ventricle?
atrioventricular valve
___________________ prevent backflow
valves
the heart has how many chambers?
4
what is the function of the sinoatrial node "cardiac pacemaker"?
- generates electrical signals through purkinje fibers, stimulating contraction to fill R ventricle with blood
- SA node transmits signal to right ventricle through AV valve (tricuspid)
- R ventricle contracts
- AV valve closes, pulmonary semilunar valve opens
- blood pumped out of arteries to lungs
- blood from lungs fills left atrium
- mitral valve (bicuspid) opens, blood fills ventricle
- mitral valve closes and aortic semilunar valve opens
- left ventricle contracts, blood is pumped out of aorta and to rest of body
circulation: blood to heart
coronary
circulation: blood between heart and lungs
pulmonary
circulation: blood to entire body
systemic
circulation:
flow of blood from digestive system to liver, then heart
portal
circulation: flow of blood between heart and kidneys
renal
Name all the types of circulation systems:
coronary
pulmonary
systemic
portal
renal
arteries or arterioles: where adjustments are made in blood delivery
arterioles
What are capillary beds?
diffusion sites for exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid
capillary, artery or vein?
thinnest wall of any blood vessel
capillary bed
capillary beds merge into _________________ then _______________
venuoles, veins
artery or vein: transports blood from body tissues back to the heart
veins
what is the function of lymphatic system?
- to return excess tissue fluid to the blood stream
- return of protein from capillaries
- transport of fats from digestive tract
Lymph vascular system consists of:
lymph _________
lymph _______
lymph __________
lymph capillaries
lymph ducts
lymph vessels
Lymphoid organs consist of:
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- appendix
- adenoids
- thymus
- tonsils
function of spleen:
- filters blood stores of RBC and macrophages
- filters unwanted materials from blood
- fights infection
function of thymus:
secretes hormones, is the major sign of lymphocyte production
blood vessels are connected to the spleen by what _____________ ____________
splenic sinuses
name some peritoneal ligaments that support the spleen
- gastrolineal ligament
- lienorenal ligament
- phrenicocolic ligament
Functions of the gastrointestinal system:
- movement
- secretion
- digestion
- absorption
________________ in saliva help initiate breakdown of starches
enzymes
stomach functions:
- mixing and storing food
- dissolving and degrading food via secretions
- passage of food into small intestine
where does protein digestion begin?
in the stomach
what helps make nutrients available for absorption?
stomach acid
smooth muscle moves food through _________________
peristalsis (contracting and relaxing)
what is the largest organ?
liver
what is the largest gland?
liver
how much does an average liver weigh?
3lbs
the liver is made of how many lobes? and name them...
4
(caudate, quadrate, right, left)
the liver is secured by how many ligaments?
5
name the 5 ligaments that the liver is secured by:
- falciform
- coronary
- right triangular
- left triangular
- round
functions of the liver consist of:
- processes all the blood that passes through the digestive tract
- production of bile
- production of blood plasma proteins
- production of cholesterol
- storage of extra glucose
- regulation of amino acids
- process of hemoglobin
- conversion of ammonia to urea
- purification of blood
- regulation of blood clotting
- controlling infections by boosting immune factors and removing bacteria
pancreas is made of what type of tissues?
exocrine and endocrine tissues
exocrine tissues secrete ___________ enzymes
digestive enzymes
endocrine tissues secrete _________________ into the bloodstream
hormones
blood is supplied to pancreas from what two arteries
splenic artery and gastroduodenal artery
functions of pancreas:
- secretes enzymes to breakdown foods, fats, proteins
- secretes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
2 pancreas active enzymes
pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase into small intestine
where are most nutrients absorbed?
small intestine
enzymes transported to small intestine act on:
- fats
- carbohydrates
- nucleic acids
- proteins
function of bile, and where is it stored?
- to break down fats
- stored in gallbladder
____________________ increases ability of small intestine to serve as the main absorption organ of digestive tract
microvilli
a tiny absorptive structure that increases surface area for interaction of chyme
villi
colon AKA
large intestine
speed of waste through colon is influenced by volume of what two factors:
- fiber and fluid
what are action potentials?
messages sent across plasma membrane of neurons
messages are sent when a neuron is stimulated past necessary _________________
threshold
_______________ synapse: when one neuron comes in contact with another neuron
chemical synapse
name 3 functional types of neurons:
- sensory
- motor
- interneurons
sensory, motor or interneuron:
transmit signals to CNS from sensory receptors that detect: touch, temp, pain, hearing, smell, sight, taste
sensory neurons
sensory, motor or interneuron:
transmits signals from CNS to rest of body, by signaling muscles and glands to respond
motor neurons
sensory, motor or interneuron:
transmits signals between neurons
interneurons [Show Less]