What occurs during tubular reabsorption
useful material moves from filtrate back into the bloodstream
What describes the function of a structure
... [Show More] in the circulatory system
pulmonary artery contains oxygen poor blood which carries away from the heart to lungs
What does pumonary veins do
Bring oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
What carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
Hemoglobin is a protein in RBC that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
What may result from the removal of the colon from the gastrointestinal tract
Dehydration because water is reabsorbed from the waste material in the colon, without a colon, person would lose more water during digestion
B-cells are part of what
Part of adaptive immune system which produces antibodies in response to specific pathogens
What emulsifies lipids during digestion
Bile which is the product of liver and stored in gallbaldder
What does amylase do
enzyme that breaks down startch
What is peristalsis
the involuntary contraction of the smooth muscle of the GS tract, squeezes food along the digestive tract
What is muscle dystrophy
when voluntary and involuntary muscles are compromised. different from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis where only voluntary muscle control is lost
What part of the nervous system causes skeletal muscle contractions
Somatic division controls the skeletal muscles of the body
What hormone secreted by adrenal gland increases reabsorption of sodium ions
aldosterone
What is renal artery
Branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys
What results from a deficit in the production of thyrotropin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone triggers the production of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland, so thyroid gland doesnt produce a sufficient amount of its primary hormone
What hormona is released and stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
oxytocin, made by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary
What is positive feedback
Mechanism that increases when product when reactants are increased
Inhibited function of sweat glands can cause
loss of the ability to regulate body temperature because sweating is a major mechanism of thermoregulation
What adaptive immune system decreases the amount of time it takes for body to respond to an antigen
Memory cells are a thype of lymphocyte that responds more quickly to an antigen upon reintroduction of the pathogen
What warms the body via integumental thermoregulation
cutaneous vasocontriction
What is a result of inhibited osteoblast function at the epiphyseal plate
mineralization will not occur in the location. osteoblasts are bone cells that produce secretions blocking the inhibition of mineralization
What channels contain blood vessels and nerves in the bones
Haversian canals aka central canal
What happens when mineral resorption is prevented and calcium is not removed from bone
hypocalcemia
If vesicles leaving the ER were prevented from fusing with Golgi, what happens
lysosomes couldnt be formed
What is an organ
a self contained part of an organism that performs a specific function
What is the small passages of the respiratory system that terminate in air sacs
bronchioles
What is the glottis
passageway that allows air to travel past the vocal cords
What is the function of alveoli
At each alveolus, CO2 from the inside of the capillaries diffuses into the lungs
What female structure transports female gametes from the ovaries to the uterus
fallopian tube
What reproductive organ produces sperm in males and ova in females
gonads
What is prostate
gland between bladder and penis that controls the release of urine and seretes a portion of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm
What is the center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter
renal pelvis
Outer layer of kidney
renal cortex
Innermost layer of kidney
renal medulla
Network of capillaries from which blood pressure pushes water, salt, glucose, AA and urea from the blood
Glomerulus
Mitosis results in
diploid number of chromosomes in body cells
Cohesion of water allows
for surface tension of water
Adhesion of water allows
sticking of water molecules to molecules that arent water
Solid water can float on liquid water because of
hydrogen bonding that hold water molecules away from each other which leaves pockets of air
sublimation
solid to gas directly
all enzymes are
proteins
DNA serves as a template for the production of _____ and _________ serve as "bridges" between that mRNA and amino acids
mRNA ; tRNA
What is used to test for a cause and effect relationshipo
experiment
A scientific experiment is performed to test for
causal relationships where the independent variable can be observed to have an effect on the dependent variable
A positive/negative trend for a study is called
correlational relationship
inflammation, production of interferon and ingestion of pathogens by phagocytes are nonspecific cellular responses for what
internal aspect of the innate immune system
what is passive immunity
acquisition of antibodies that dont originate within the individual receiving the passive immunity
what does Purkinje fiber do
causes the contraction of the ventricles
what causes the contraction of the atria
impulses from sinoartial node
what does inferior vena cava do
blood vessel that delivers oxygen poor blood from the body to the right atrium
Pulmonary artery delivers oxygen poor blood to the lungs from where
right ventricle
What is the link between damaged villi and malnutrition
damaged villi decrease the nutrient absorbing surface area in the GI tract. Villi of the small intestine provide a greater nutrient absorbing surface area
what cell excretes pepsinogen
chief cells
what cell excretes hydrochloric acid
parietal cell
what does goblet cell secrete
mucus
what organ is responsible for the majority of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients in the digestive system
small intestine
What does liver produce
bile, substance that emulsifies lipids during digestion
Primary function of large intestine
absorb water from undigested food before feces are eliminated
what are efferent impulse and afferent impulse
afferent impulse carried by sensory and efferent impulse carried by motor
contraction occurs when the thin ______ filaments slide past the thicker ______ filaments, causing the sarcomere to shorten or contract
actin; myosin
what nerve structure transmits nerve impulses to other cells
axon
what receives signals from other neurons
dendrites
what are glial cells
supporting cells, including cells that nourish nerve cells and insult nerve cells
what is innate immune response characterized by redness swelling, heat and pain
inflammation
what happens when more water is reabsorbed from the kidneys' collecting ducts
blood volume increases and urine becomes more concentrated
What response does the endocrine system with collection of ductless glands produce?
slowly initiating but prolonged response on other body systems
what is the integration center between endocrine and nervous system
hypothalamus
thymus is a lymphoid organ that produces
T-cells
what gland has an exocrine function and aids in the regulation of blood glucose
pancreas
Adrenals are glands that produce hormones to regulate what
heart rate, blood pressure and other functions
thyroid is a gland that secretes hormones that regulate
growth, development and metabolic rate
pituitary is endocrine gland that controls
growth and development
dermis is what layer
middle that is made of connective tissue
what is renin
enzyme released by kidneys to increase blood pressure
What bone cells perform mineral resorption
osteoclasts
what allows mineralization in bones that is inhibited elsewhere in the body
osteoblasts
what are star shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stress
osteocytes
cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone
osteons
inside the long bone, where is yellow bone marrow located
medullary cavity
spongy bone
bone that has fewer osteons and lighter than compact(dense) bone and is the site of red bone marrow production
what is progressive autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and pain
rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis
dengenerative joint disease
osteoporosis
disease that causes brittle, fragile bones
what white blood cell has the primary job of ingesting foreign material
macrophage
what does ribosomes do
facilitate protein synthesis
what type of tissue servers to fasten and support body parts
connective
what contractible tissue that is capable of moving the body
muscle
why would a punctured lung or a punctured thoracic wall impair ventilation
contraction of the diaphragm will not cause inhalation. the puncturewill cause the thoracic cavity to lose its negative air pressure
what causes low lung compliance as a result of elastive lung tissue destruction
emphysema
low lung compliance cause its inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing lead to decreased lung expansion
asthma
inflammation of bronchial tube lining that causes decreased lung expansion
bronchitis
buildup of musuc in the lungs, as well as lung infections
cystic fibrosis
if residual volume of the lungs is relatively large, what happens
vital capacity will be compromised or total lung volume will increase, vital capacity plus residual volume is equal to total lung capacity
what stimulates the production of antibodies
vaccine
the underproduction of pituitary hormone hinders the development of secondary sex characteristics, if the luteinizing hormone is not secreted by the pituitary....
sufficient testosterone will not be produced to properly cause puberty
what leaves the body via vas deferens
gametes, its a tube that carries sperm
where are follicles generated
ovaries
what is zygote
union of sperm and egg
what is produced and remains in the ovaries
corpora lutea
where does implantation of a fertilized ovum occur
uterus
vagina
canal that connects the external genitals to the cervix in the female
where the the first renal location where glucose is reabsorbed back into the blood through the walls of surround capillaries
proximal convoluted tubule is the first place where glucose and other useful solutes are reabsorbed back into the blood through the walls of surrounding capilarries
What is the law of segregation
each gamete carries only one allele for each gene
law of independent assortment
the chromosomes assort independently during meiosis, genes on separate chromosomes also assort separately
what is cation and anion
positive;negative
what is the characteristics apply for nonpolar covalent molecules
they share electrons between atoms and result in a balanced distribution of charges throughout the molecules
what does a phase diagram have, a graph displaying the physical states of a substance under varying stuff
temperature and pressure
what is formed when a reaction between an acid and base results in the acid's hydrogen being replaced by a cation
salt
what factor affects an enzyme's ability to work as a catalyst
size of available substrate
what subunit is a monomer of DNA/nucleic acid
nucleotide
what subunit is found in lipids
fatty acid
what is monomer of protein
amino acid
what is a requirement needed in order to develop a sound conclusion
data that is collected from an experiment that includes a control
what is empirical data
data collected through observation [Show Less]