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Individual Psychology; Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order (p. 234) Alfred Adler Bonding and attachment John Bow... [Show More] lby Cognitive theory of hypnotism (#185) T.X. Barber Social distance scale; ethnic negative attitudes (#128) Emory Bogardus First intelligence test Binet Founder of modern sociology Emile Durkheim Frustration-Aggression theory (#119) John Dollard and Neil Miller Psychotherapy, psychoanalyst, maturationist, disciple of Freud, 8 stages of psychosocial development Eric Erikson Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT); people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently (p. 234) Albert Ellis Father of psychoanalysis (maturationist-#24); deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression (p. 234) Sigmund Freud Father of logotherapy, "healing through meaning" (#167); existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice (p. 234) Viktor Frankl "Foot-in-the-door" technique, asking someone to do small favors makes them amenable to doing large favors (#129) Freedman and Frazier Balance theory and Cognitive dissonance theory (#'s 120 & 144) Leon Festinger The visual cliff experiment: depth perception in infants Gibson Strategic and problem solving therapy (#4) Jay Haley Maternal deprivation experiment in Rhesus monkeys (#27) Harry Harlow Career development (#120) Holland and Super Analytic psychology; Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment (p. 234) Carl Jung Leading theorist in moral development (#10), 3 levels of moral development (#46) Kohlberg Pioneer of behavior therapy BASIC ID Arnold Lazarus Imprinting experiment on newborn goslings (#64) Konrad Lorenz Positive Psychology Abraham Maslow Father of hormic psychology; people are driven by innate, inherited tendencies) (#106), wrote Introduction to Social Psychology (#185) William McDougall Creator of psychodrama (#185) Moreno Obedience and authority, shock experiments (having people shock their peers for incorrect answers) (#186) Stanley Milgram 4 stages of development (#'s 7,8, & 9) Piaget Father of Gestalt, ameliorate mind/body split (#167); people are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole." People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such (p. 234) Fritz Perls Cognitive development among college students; dualistic thinking (#4) W.H. Perry Person-centered counseling (first called nondirective counseling, then client-centered counseling) (#382); the individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization (p. 234) Carl Rogers Learned helplessness syndrome (#81) Martin Seligman Behavioristic psychology/behavior modification; Humans are like other animals; mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom (p. 234) B.F. Skinner Father of conditioned reflex therapy Andrew Salter Zone of proximal development (comparing a child's performance with a teacher vs. without a teacher) (#23) Vyotsky Father of behaviorism (#'s 10, 214, 276, 281, 282, & 891) John B. Watson Existentialist associated with group work (#185) Irvin Yalom He created the concept of social facilitation, the presence of others increases performance F. H. Allport [Show Less]
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CPCE Exams Questions and Answers 2023
5 influential career theories of today 1) Donald Super 2) John Holland 3) Linda Gottfredson 4) John Krumboltz 5) Mark Savickas Actuarial theory... [Show More] Structure of individual - needs, traits, interests - examples: trait-factor and needs based Developmental career theory career development as occurring over time, usually through stages - example: self-concept and need Donald Super Developmental approach to career - labeled himself as differential developmental social phenomenological psychologist - Developmental approach to careers Donald Super - characterized as life span, life space Early Super 1940s - 1960s - included vocational development stages and vocational development tasks Vocational development stages a. growth (birth to 14-15) b. exploratory (15-24) c. establishment (25-44) d. maintenance (45-64) e. decline (65+) later changed to decline to disengagement Vocational development tasks a. crystallization (ages 14-18) b. specification (18-21) c. Implementation (21-24) d. stabilization (24-35 e. consolidation (35+) Career maturity later renamed it career adaptability Later Super - 1970s Super viewed career development as more holistic 9 major roles we play in life child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisurite and pensioner 4 theaters where roles are played out home, community, school, and workplace Archway Model Super developed - many determinants that comprise one's self-concept Pillars of Archway model 1) one pillar represents factors and variables within the individual that influence career development such as needs, aptitudes, interests and achievements 2) Other pillar includes external factors such as family, community, and labor market. Top of each arch between 2 pillars is the self of the individual Career Pattern Study Super is responsible - examined vocational behavior of 9th graders all the way into their 30s. John Holland acturial or structural in approach (RIASEC) R - Realistic I - Investigative A - Artistic S - Social E - Enterprising C - Conventional Every person ha all six types in varying amounts Vocational Preference Inventory & Self-Directed Search John Holland RIASEC Theory John Holland - hexagon to explain Linda Gottfredson 1980s - Circumscription (narrow down selection) and Compromise (opt out of unavailable or inappropriate occupations) 4 stages - individual development 1) Orientation to size and power (3-5) 2) Orientation to sex roles (6-8) 3) Orientation to social valuation (9-13) 4) Orientation to internal unique self (14+) John Krumboltz LTCC - Learning theory of career Counseling - he used Bandura's social learning theory to identify the principal concepts. Zone of acceptable alternatives occupations within range are consistent with the individuals self concept LTCC - Career Development and decision making involve 1) Genetic endowments and special abilities 2) environmental conditions and events 3) Instrumental and associative learning experience 4) Task approach skills The Career Beliefs Inventory Krumboltz - used to identify clients' mental barriers. Unplanned Happenstance Krumboltz - Unplanned and chance events that might influence individuals' career development Ginzberg, ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma 1951 - believed occupational choice progresed through 3 periods 1) fantasy (birth-11) 2) tentative (11-17) 3) realistic (17+) Ann roe Needs Approach - believed genetic factors, environmental experiences and parent-child relations influenced the needs structure each child developed Needs roe believed that careers were chosen to meet _____. [Show Less]
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Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are psychosocial. In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego p... [Show More] sychologist. Ego psychologists believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior. The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was Erik Erikson. The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of Sigmund Freud. Jean Piaget's theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is sensorimotor, preparations, concrete operations, formal operations. Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as his findings were often derived from observing his own children. A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered conservation. In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to volume or mass. A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as concrete operations—ages 7 to 11. _______ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development. Lawrence Kohlberg According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete op- erational thought. This notion suggests one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of egocentrism. Lawrence Kohlberg suggested three levels of morality. The Heinz story is to Kohlberg's theory as a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered. The term identity crisis comes from the work of Erikson. Kohlberg's three levels of morality are pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Trust versus mistrust is Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development. A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage, integrity versus despair. In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's mor- al behavior is guided by consequences. Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by a desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform. Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual has self-imposed morals and ethics. According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is post-conventional or self-accepted moral principles, is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level. The zone of proximal development was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky. Freud and Erikson could be classified as maturationists. John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with bonding and attachment. In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? generativityversusstagnation The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is Harry Harlow. The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin. The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34. We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers? a 13-year-old male middle school student. In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother. Freud postulated psychosexual stages oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. In adolescence males commit suicide more often than females, but fe- males attempt suicide more often. In the general population suicide rates tend to increase with age. The fear of death is greatest during middle age. In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor which evolves primarily during the oral age. When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2 and girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age. The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is latency. In terms of parenting young children boys are punished more than girls. When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean how much heredity or environment interact to influence development. Stage theorists assume qualitative changes between stages occur. Development is a continuous process which begins at conception. Development is cephalocaudal, which means head to foot. Heredity assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes and genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code. Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction. Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels. 6,3 A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the post-conventional level of self-accepted moral principles. Freud's Oedipus Complex is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs and occurs during the phallic stage. In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as the Electra complex. The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing a visual cliff. Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as empiricists. An empiricist view of development would be behavioristic. In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers. A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? organicism. In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the sensorimotor stage. A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered object permanence and representational thought. The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the sensorimotor stage birth to 2 years. John Bowlby has asserted that conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood. The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life appeared to be abnormal and autistic. According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage. become fixated at An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species. The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment. A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian con- cept of centration. Piaget felt teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation. Piaget's preoperational stage includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by sex role socialization. The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of Bowlby. A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that girls possess better verbal skills than boys and boys possess better visual-perceptual skills. Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is sibling rivalry. A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to Piaget's pre-operational period, age 2 to 7 years. Elementary school counseling and guidance services are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s. Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed. According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises and an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes. Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to the ability to do creative work or raise a family, the opposite of stagnation and the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage. Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is to Erikson. trust versus mistrust Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? H.Harlow When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client suffers from fixation. Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the superego. Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? KonradLorenz The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with Kohlberg's pre-moral stage at the pre-conventional level. [Show Less]
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Five most influential theories Super, Holland, Gottfredson, Krumboltz, Saviskas Classification of career theories Actuarial and Developmental ... [Show More] Actuarial theorists from this perspective focused on some 'structure' of the individual such as needs, traits, interests, etc., and designed a theory of how career development occurs from that basis. Developmental theorists from this perspective viewed career development as occurring over time, usually through stages. This process of career development could include various 'structures' such as self-concept and need Vocational Development Stages Growth, Exploratory, Establishment, Maintenance, Decline Growth Development Stage Birth to 14-15, Development of capacity, interests, and self-concept. Exploratory Development Stage 15-24 years. Tentative choices made Establishment Development Stage 22-44 years. Trail (in work situations) and stabilize Maintenance Development Stage 45-65, Continual adjustment process Decline Development Stage 65+ years. Preretirement, work output issues and retirement. Later changed to disengagement Vocational Development Tasks Crystallization, Specification, Implementation, Stabilization, Consolidation Ages no longer apply, can repeat or recycle throughout tasks Crystallization Development Task Ages 14-18. formulating a general vocational goal through awareness Specification Development Task Ages 18-21. Moving from a tentative to a specific vocational choice Implementation Development Task Ages 21-24. Completing training and entering employment. Stabilization Development Task Ages 24-35. Confirming a preferred choice by performing the job. Consolidation Development Task 35+ becoming established in a career, advancing, achieving status Nine major roles we play in life Child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisure, pensioner. Four theaters Home, community, school, workplace. Archway Model Graphic representation of many determinants that comprise one's self-concept. One pillar represents the factors & variables within the individual that influence career development such as needs, aptitudes, interests, and achievements. The other pillar includes external factors such as family, community, and labor market. Between the tow pillars is the self of the individual. Career Pattern Study examined the vocational behavior of 9th graders all the way into their 30's. Adolescents who are career mature and achieve in high school tend to be more career mature and successful as young adults. Holland Types Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional Everyone has all six types in varying amounts Realistic aggressive, prefers explicit tasks requiring physical manipulation; has poor interpersonal skills. Ex: Mechanic, technician Investigative intellectual; prefers systematic, creative investigation activities; has poor persuasive and social skills. Ex: chemist, computer programmer Artistic imaginative; prefers self-expression via physical, verbal, or material, dislikes systematic and ordered activities Ex: artist, editor Social social; prefers activities that inform, develop, or enlighten others, dislikes activities involving tools or machines Ex: counselors, teachers Enterprising extroverted; prefers leadership and persuasive roles; dislikes abstract, cautious activities Ex. manager, slaes personnel Conventional practical; prefers ordered, structured activities, dislikes ambiguous, and unsystematized tasks Instruments used to determine Holland Type Vocational Preference Inventory and Self-Directed Search Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes Most occupations in the United States have been assigned a Holland Type and can be found here Consistency (HT) adjacent pairs of types are more psychologically alike than nonadjacent pairs of types Differentiation (HT) an individual's profile of six types has significant highs(differentiated) and lows or the profile of six types tends to be flat(undifferentiated). Congruence (HT) the individual's type and the environment type are at the same Vocational identity (HT) high identity individuals are those who have a clear and stable picture of their interests and goals. Linda Gottfredson Circumscription and Compromise- focuses on the vocational development processes experienced by children. Vocational self concept is central and influences occupational selection Circumscription (LG) Narrow down occupations Compromise (LG) opt out of unavailable or inappropriate occupations Four Stages of Career Development (LG) Orientation to: Size and power, sex roles, social valuation, internal unique self Orientation to Size and Power Ages 3-5. Children have neither; they are concrete thinkers and begin to understand what it means to be an adult. Even as young as age 3 they can name occupations they would like to do. Orientation to Sex Roles Ages 6-8. There is greater awareness of values held by peers, family, and community; occupations vary greatly in social value-desirability Orientation to internal unique self 14+. In occupational selection as a teenager or adult, internal factors such as aspirations, values, and interests are critical. Young children choose occupations that fit their sex Preadolescents choose occupations which have social values consistent with their perceived social class. They may also rule out occupations which are inappropriate because of mismatch in ability, intelligence level or cultural factors. Teenagers/adults choose occupations taking into consideration self-awareness of personal characteristics Zone of Acceptable Alternatives Individuals develop a cognitive map of occupations based on sex-type, social value (prestige), and field of work (interest area). Occupations within this range are consistent with the individual's self concept. John Krumboltz Learning Theory of Career Counseling Used Bandura's social learning theory to identify the principle concepts of his theory Learning Theory of Career Counseling Important concepts include: reinforcement theory, cognitive information processing, and classical behaviorism Learning experiences over lifetime influence career choice Unplanned and chance events will influence an individuals career development Genetic Endowment and Special Abilities (LTCC) this includes inherited qualities which may set limits on career opportunities Environmental Conditions and Events (LTCC) Influence skill development, activities, and career preferences. Natural resources, economic conditions, and legislation may be involved. Instrumental and Associative Learning Experiences (LTCC) Learning through reactions to consequences, results of actions, and through reactions to others. Reinforcement and non-reinforcement of behaviors and skills are important. Associative learning experience come from associations learning through observations and written materials. They influence an individuals perceptions Task Approach Skills (LTCC) Skills acquired such as problem-solving, work habits, mental sets, and emotional and cognitive responses Career Beliefs Inventory (LTCC) may be used to identify clients' mental barriers preventing them from taking actions. Planned Happenstance (LTCC) Unplanned and chance events will influence an individuals' career development, and such occurrences should be expected and taken advantage of. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma Developmentalists that believed occupational choice progressed through three periods. Periods of occupational choice (Ginzberg) Fantasy, Tentative, and Realistic Fantasy (Ginzberg) Birth to 11. Play becomes work orientated Tentative (Ginzberg) Ages 11-17. Four stages in this periods: interest, capacity, value, and transition Realistic (Ginzberg) 17+. Three stages in this period: exploration, crystallization, and specification. Ann Roe Needs approach. Believed that genetic factors, environmental experiences, and parent-child relations influenced the needs structure each child developed. Believed that careers were chosen to meet needs. Field-by-level Classification of Occupation Developed by Ann Roe and has six levels and eight fields. Field-by-level: Levels Professional & managerial (highest level) Professional & managerial (regular) Semi-professional & managerial Skilled Semi-skilled Unskilled Field-by-level: Fields Service, business contact, managerial, general cultural, arts and entertainment, technology, outdoor, and science Tiedeman's Decision-Making Model Believed that career development occurred as part of cognitive development as one resolved ego-relevant crisis. Paralleled the eight psychosocial stages identified by Erikson. Saw life decisions and career decisions as integrally related. Phases of decision making Anticipation or preoccupation Implementation or adjustment Anticipation or Preoccupation Includes the following phases: Exploration Crystallization Choice Clarification Implementation or Adjustment Includes the following phases: Induction Reformation Intergration Tiedeman emphasized the importance of the individual in the decision making process I-power personal reality of the individual was at the center of this potential for self-improvement and subsequent self-development. Career development takes place (DMM) Through a continuous process of differentiating one's ego development, processing developmental tasks, and resolving psychosocial crises Cognitive information processing & career development Reardon, Lenz, Sampson, & Peterson presented a theory of career development based on cognitive information processing (CIP). A procedure for solving career problems was developed based on a series of assumptions which emphasize cognitions, information, and problem solving. CASVE Processing Skills Communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, execution Communication (CIP) identifying the career-related needs of the client Analysis (CIP) identifying the problem components and placing them in a conceptual framework Synthesis (CIP) formulating course of action or alternatives Valuing (CIP) judging each action as to it's potential for success or failure and impact on others. This is a prioritizing process Execution (CIP) developing pans and implementation strategies Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Efficacy Based on Bandura's social learning theory Self Efficacy (SCT) an individual's belief that he or she can perform some task or be successful in some endeavor influences choice, performance, and persistence. Self-efficacy can be strengthened through learning experiences such as: personal performance accomplishments, vicarious learning, social persuasion, physiological states and reactions. Constructivism and Contextualism Suggests that individuals construct their own reality or truth through their own way of organizing information. Becomes very subjective phenomenon and focuses on how individuals extract meaning from their present situation. Contextualism implies that career development constant interplay of forces within the individual, with in the environment, and the interaction between the two. One cannot separate individuals from their environments and the individuals' perceptions and information organizing processes create their reality. Goals for Career Counselor (CC) encourage the client to make meaning of his or her situation. Unraveling events (CC) Because context is so important, unraveling envenoms into very small pieces may be counterproductive and reduce the possibility for constructing personal meaning. Focus of attention (cc) is actions which are cognitively and socially based. Three perspectives of action (CC) Behavior which occurs, Internal state (affect) Their social meaning Mark Savickas proponent of a postmodern career counseling approach based on career construction theory. View of counselor (MS) not as the expert with infallible scores from inventories but rather as an active agent in assisting career clients to make sense of their life and work in order to be successful and satisfied. Perspective of personality (CCT) personality types, developmental tasks, and life themes Personality types (CCT) may be conceptualized as those stemming from the work of Holland and others Developmental tasks (CCT) were initially identified by Super and through the model presented by Bandura Life themes (CCT) relate to the stories individuals experience and how they hold them together in a coherent manner. Stories and meaning (CCT) are provide by clients (a narrative approach to career counseling) in order to construct a reality in line with their social and cultural backgrounds, as well as experiences. H.B. Gelatt focuses on the decision-making process and outlines a fairly traditional five step process Decision-making process (Gelatt) Recognize a need to make a decision Collect data and look at courses of action Besides looking at courses of action Examine potential outcomes and probability Attend to your value system Evaluate and make a decision, and the decision can be investigatory or permanent [Show Less]
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CPCE Exams Questions with correct Answers 2023
______________is considered to be the "father of vocational guidance." а. Frank Parsons b. Donald Super с. E. G. Williamson d. Jesse B. Davis a ... [Show More] Incorporating the culture of the client into the session would suggest that the counselor is a. using the assimilation model. b. operating from an etic perspective. c. operating from an emic perspective. d. color blind c Learning theories of human development are generally considered to be a. inactive theories. b. reactive theories. c. proactive theories. d. active theories. b ____________ transformed America's agriculturally based economy into a manufacturing economy and initiated the U.S. career- guidance movement. a. World War II b. The Industrial Revolution c. The Great Depression d. World War I b Resistance is displayed by a. very few clients. b. approximately 10% of clients. c. approximately 50% of clients. d. almost all clients at some point during the counseling process. d Psychodrama was invented by a. Fritz Perls. b. J.L.Moreno. c. Wilfred Bion. d. Kurt Lewin. b ___________ developed the first modern intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale. This scale was later revised by ____________ who renamed the scale the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. a. Alfred Binet; Theophile Simon b. Alfred Binet; Lewis Terman c. Theophile Simon; Lewis Terman d. Theophile Simon; Alfred Binet b A professional counselor wondered how the general trait of happiness was related to intelligence. Young adults' intelligence was measured using a traditional IQ scale; their level of happiness was also measured on a self-report scale ranging from 1 to 20. The researcher found no link between the results of the two measures. What research design has just been described? a. Causal-comparative b. Descriptive c. Correlational d. Regression C HIPAA is to medical records as FERPA is to a. educational records. b. counseling records. c. legal records. d. None of the above a ____________promotes a current status quo related to social class. An example of this would be being grandfathered into an organization. a. Internalized classism b. Modern classism с. Structural classism d. Socioeconomic status c А _____________ research design allows for comprehensive analysis and observation but probably lacks generalizability. a. survey b. cross-sectional с. correlational d. case study d ____________developed the Career Maturity Inventory and endorsed comprehensive career counseling. a. Mark Savickas b. Donald Super c. John Krumboltz d. John Crites d The crisis intervention approach known as psychological first aid is useful for helping individuals who have experienced a. a terrorist attack. b. a natural disaster. с. a traumatic event. d. All of the above. d Confidentiality in group work is a. guaranteed. b. required. c.unnecessary. d. strived for. d Who developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), an objective measure of personality structure? a. Carl Jung and Henry Murray b. Starke Hathaway and Charnley McKinley c. Henry Murray and Starke Hathaway d. Frank Parsons and Carl Jung b A(n) ____________ variable results when an extraneous variable is allowed to change with the independent variable. а. constant b. dependent c. confounding d. outcome c Personal notes kept on students by counselors in a school setting a. always become part of students' educational records. b. never become part of students' educational records because they are considered an expansion of the counselor's memory с. do not become part of students' educational records if they are kept separate from the educational records in a locked, secure place. d.sometimes become part of students' educational records, depending on the school principal's policies. c All of the following are components of sexual identity EXCEPT: a. biological makeup. b. sexual orientation. c. gender roles. d. cognitions. d c. Tay-Sachs disease ______________ is characterized by the body's incapacity to metabolize fatty substances. a. Phenylketonuria b. Klinefelter's syndrome c. Tay-Sachs disease d. Sickle cell anemia c Which of the following personality factors is NOT associated with the experience of occupational stress and burnout? a. Internal locus of control b. Low self-esteem c. Type A personality d. Neuroticism a It may be appropriate for counselors to use self-disclosure when a. they have gone through an experience that is similar to the client's current situation. b. they feel a strong connection with the client. c. they think their experience might benefit the client by providing the client with a new outlook or perspective. d. All of the above. c _______________ is NOT classified as a curative factor in groups. a. Universality b. Confidentiality c. Instillation of hope d. Imitative behavior b According to the Rights and Responsibilities of Test Takers, which of the following is NOT a test-taker responsibility? a. Being familiar with the use of test results b. Following the test instructions c. Asking questions related to test administration d. None of the above. a a. Systematic ___________ sampling refers to selecting every nth element of a population. a. Systematic b. Quota c. Stratified d. Nonprobability a If a child discloses to a counselor that he or she is being physically abused, the counselor is a. legally but not ethically required to file a report with child protective services. b. ethically but not legally required to file a report with child protective services. c. legally and ethically required to file a report with child protec- tive services. d. neither legally nor ethically required to file a report with child protective services. c The faith whose core precept is that of karma and who believes in Brahman as the creator of Earth is a. Hinduism. b. Judaism. c. Taoism. d. Buddhism. a _______________, developed by Joseph Wolpe, is very effective for treating phobias. a. Flooding b. Counterconditioning c. Systematic desensitization d. Firing sequence c Career is referred to as a. the primary activity that engages one's time. b. the activities that serve as one's regular source of livelihood с. the lifetime pursuits of individual. d. activities that a person does for fun. c The _____________ operates according to the pleasure principle. a. anima b. id c. superego d. ego b ______________ groups can be preventative, growth-oriented, or remedial. a. Counseling and task b. Task and psychotherapy c. Counseling and psychoeducational d. Counseling and psychotherapy c As a school counselor you must provide students with testing information that is in their primary language. Which court case mandated this requirement? a. Bakke v. California (1978) b. Larry P. v. Riles (1984) c. Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) d. Sharif v. New York State Educational Department (1989) d An instructor creates an exam with too many easy questions. A graph of the distribution would indicate a curve that was a. positively skewed. b. negatively skewed. с. normal. d. a scattergram. b The organization responsible for the accreditation of counseling programs in the United States is the a. Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. b. American Counseling Association. c. American Psychological Association. d. Association for Counseling Program Accreditation. a ________________refers to devaluing cultural artifacts such as art, media, or religion if they do not equate to White-held values. a. Cultural racism b. Discrimination c. Internalized racism d. Prejudice a The reinforcement schedule most resistant to extinction is a. fixed ratio. b. fixed interval. c. variable ratio. d. variable interval. c Which Holland code is most consistent? a. ERS b. CAS c. ARI d. IAS d According to Adler's theory of birth order, _____________ generally receive the same amount of attention as firstborns. a. second children b. middle children c. youngest children d. None of the above. c _____________ groups usually have formal member roles. a. Psychoeducational b. Counseling c. Psychotherapy d. Task d To establish content validity a. a test must look valid. b. test items must reflect all major content areas covered by the domain. c.a test must predict future performance. d. factor analysis must show that the instrument's subscales are statistically related to each other. b A(n) __________ is an analysis technique that compares two means for one group based on pretest and posttest data. a. independent t-test b. dependent t-test c. logistic regression design d. ANCOVA b A counselor who gains and preserves a client's trust is upholding the ethical principle of a. dependability. b. altruism. c. fidelity. d. loyalty. c Racism occurs at three levels, including all of the following EXCEPT: a. institutional. b. contextual. c. individual. d. cultural. b ____________ is NOT one of the four components of effective modeling. a. Retention b. Attention c. Motivation d. Shaping d For an ESFP, which letter indicates an auxiliary function a. E b. S с. F d. P b The _____________ is an archetype in Jungian analytic psychology that represents the female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of males. a. shadow b. persona c. anima d. animus c Norms are established in groups as means to a. bring group members into the here and now. b. accomplish an executive function. c. build a group culture. d. All of the above. c Which of the folowing is NOT a characteristic of test-retest reliablility? a. Test-retest reliability determines the relationship between the scores obtained from two different administrations of tge same test b. Test-retest reliabilit is subject to participant memory and oractive effects c. Test-retest reliability is used to calculate the degree of consistency of ratings between two or more persons observing the same behavior or assessing an individual through observa- tional interview methods. d. Test-retest reliability is most effective when the instrument assesses stable characteristics c In a smooth yet skewed distribution, the most representative measure of central tendency is the а. mean. b. median. с. mode. d. semi-interquartile range. b While working with a client, the counselor meets a relative of the client whom she becomes interested in romantically. The ACA Code of Ethics states that counselors in this situation a. are prohibited from proceeding with the relationship until 5 years after the counseling relationship with the client has ended. b. are free to pursue the relationship because it does not involve the client. с. are free to pursue the relationship once the counseling rela- tionship with the client has been terminated. d. must never pursue the relationship, even after the counseling relationship with the client has ended. a Microaggression is a. against individuals of color and women. b. the belief that aggression is beneficial to some relationships. c. aggression through assertiveness. d. a phenomenon that occurred often during the 1950s but is not present anymore. a The ability to order and classify new information is called a. adaptation. b. accommodation. c. organization. d. assimilation. c A young adult in Ginzberg's realistic stage a. considers the availability, demand, and benefits of certain careers. b. is able to assess and consider his or her capabilities in relation to career aspirations. c. engages in career exploration to narrow down his or her career choices. d. bases career decisions on likes and dislikes. c Stress inoculation training, a cognitive-behavioral technique, was developed by a. Ellis. b. Beck. c. Meichenbaum. d. Glasser. c A group leader assists group members in setting group goals and facilitating group discussions. Members are encouraged to share responsibility for the outcomes of the group with the leader. Which leadership style is this leader using? a. Democratic b. Authoritarian c. Laissez-faire d. Autocratic a When the reliability coefficient is found to be 1.0, what can be said about an individual's observed score and true score? a. The observed score is higher than the true score. b. The true score is higher than the observed score. c. The true score and observed score are equal d. The error during test administration was high c Amber wants to understand what factors promote school counselor retention and decides to develop close relationships with the school counselors in her study. Which strategy for trustworthiness is she using? a. Triangulation b. Prolonged engagement c. Thick description d. Referential adequacy b Before starting a counseling group, counselors must do all of the following EXCEPT: a. screen potential members. b. inform potential members that confidentiality is guaranteed. c. only invite individuals to join who will likely benefit from the qgroup. d. not invite any individual to join the group who may be harmed ovaby the experience. b Traditional mental health practices a. value individual responsibility and autonomy. b. view the problem as residing primarily in the environment. c. overemphasize the exploration of therapist values and beliefs. d. mesh well with the more collectivistic orientation of ethnic minorities. a ____________ is NOT a theory of forgetting. a. Storage failure theory b. Decay of memory theory c. Interference theory d. Retrieval theory a People who demonstrate career maturity a. have a highly differentiated Holland code. b. have a willingness and ability to deal with career transitions. c. have the ability to use the knowledge gained from career exploration activities to make career plans. d. All of the above. c "I should never have shared my sales idea at today's department meeting at work. I just know that my boss thought my suggestion was ridiculous." This is an example of what type of distorted thinking? а. Mind reading b. Fortune telling с. Minimization d. Labeling a _______________ is commonly used by group leaders to encourage quiet members to participate. a. Linking b. Questioning c. Drawing out d. Initiating c A(n) ____________ scale has equivalent units of measurement but does not have an absolute zero point а. nominal b. ratio с. ordinal d. interval d If a professional counselor was interested in trainees' multicultural competency, a sample consisting of members from the American Counseling Association might involve a ____________ threat. a. selection b. statistical regression c. Maturation d. History a A new counselor is offered a job as a counseling supervisor. The counselor does not have any experience or training in supervision, but she does have a solid experiences as a counselor. Ethically, the counselor should a. accept the job; her educational background will support her in this new role. b. accept the job; the company would not have hired her if it did not think she was qualified. c. not accept the job; she does not have the requisite qualifications or professional experience. d. consult with trusted family and friends about the situation. c Worldview can be defined broadly as a. how an individual understands his or her race. b. how a person perceives his or her relationship to nature, institutions, people, and the experiential world. c. one's degree of comfort in an unfamiliar cultural environment. d. one's values as shaped solely by religion. b A woman is upset after losing her job, but she is not surprised. She says that she has failed at every job that she has ever had because she is dumb and there is nothing she can do about it. Her attribution is a. stable, external, and uncontrollable. b. unstable, internal, and controllable. c. stable, internal, and uncontrollable. d. unstable, external, and controllable. c ___________ is NOT one of Krumboltz's four career determinants. a. Genetic endowment b. Task approach skills c. Planned happenstance d. Environmental conditions c Which of the following is a TRUE statement about reality therapy? a. Reality therapists should penalize clients for not following through on their plans. b. Reality therapists use the WBET system. c. Determinism is emphasized. d. Clients are not allowed to make excuses for themselves. d A major challenge with self-disclosure in groups is that members often a. share too much. b. share too little. с. do not know how much to share. d. None of the above. c The ____________ scale measures multiple dimensions of an attitude by employing a paired comparison method. a. Guttman b. semantic differential c. Likert d. Thurstone d [Show Less]
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CPCE Questions and Answers 2023!!!!
b. vocational guidance counseling in the early 1920s, the counseling profession consisted primarily of a. mental health counseling b. vocational guida... [Show More] nce counseling c. school counseling d. all of the above b. the background of patterns, languages, psychological factors, and biological factors of a person culture is understood to be a. the same as race b. the background of patterns, languages, psychological factors, and biological factors of a person c. an irrelevant factor in diagnosis d. factors that pertain to the here and now; historical contexts are not as salient c. a discontinuous, active theory Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory is an example of a. a continuous, active theory b. a continuous, reactive theory c. a discontinuous, active theory d. a discontinuous, active theory c. Frank Parsons __________ is considered the father of career guidance and the counseling profession a. George Merril b. Edmund Williamson c. Frank Parsons d. John Crites a. noncompliance which of the following models of resistance is behavioral? a. noncompliance b. negative social influence c. power struggle d. anxiety control a. resistant group members institutional barriers to group work may include all the EXCEPT: a. resistant group members b. the need to obtain parental consent c. belief by staff members that group work is not as effective as other activities d. the lack of appropriate facilities c. founding of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research William Wundt is known for a. developing the form board, which is considered a predecessor to performance IQ testing b. being the first to apply statistical concepts to psychological assessment c. founding of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research d. his work on the forgetting curve d. independent a construct, such as a treatment group, that can be manipulated in a study is most often referred to as a(n) ___________ variable. a. outcome b. categorical c. criterion d. independent c. mandatory ethics ethical principles that counselors are required to follow are called a. aspirational ethics b. obligatory ethics c. mandatory ethics d. compulsory ethics a. an etic perspective the tripartite model of multicultural counseling competencies includes each of the following EXCEPT: a. an etic perspective b. awareness c. knowledge d. skills a. cross-sectional for a researcher who has limited time and low budget, the __________ research design might be most appropriate a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. time-lag d. naturalistic b. enforcing workplace safety and health standards the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was NOT responsible for a. establishing a national minimum wage b. enforcing workplace safety and health standards c. providing minimum standards for overtime entitlement d. prohibiting the employment of minors c. triadic-dependent a professional counselor consults with an experienced colleague about problems she has encountered while working with a particular client. She is completely reliant on her colleague's expertise to help her move forward with her client. Which consultation model does this represent? a. collaborative-dependent b. collaborative-independent c. triadic-dependent d. trident-independent a. the ethical requirement of group leaders but not group members in group work, confidentiality is a. the ethical requirement of group leaders but not group members b. the ethical requirement of group member but not group leader c. the ethical requirement of both group leaders and group members d. not an ethical requirement for anyone involved in the process d. nonstandardized test A(n) ____________ does not compare an individual score to a norm group but relies on the judgment of the professional counselor to interpret data a. standardized test b. norm-referenced test c. ipsative assessment d. nonsatndardized test b. post-positivism "whereas 1 million white swans can indicate that all swans are white, one brown swan can falsify it." That is, we can only approximate truth. This description refers to the _____________ paradigm. a. positivism b. post-positivism c. social constructivism d. critical theory b. involuntary accreditation is NOT a. voluntary b. involuntary c. a way for educational institutions to demonstrate their quality to the public d. an accountability measure for schools b. colorism judging someones worth by how closely he or she resembles European Americans is termed a. racism b. colorism c. eugenics d. Jensenism b. limbic system what part of the brain regulates emotions and motivation? a. tempera lobe b. limbic system c. reticular activating system d. cerebellum b. professional counselor _____________ is an example of an occupation a. addictions counselor level II b. professional counselor c. assistant director of career counseling d. residential treatment counselor b. reflecting observing clients' verbal and nonverbal communication and verbally conveying empathy and understanding of clients' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all important elements of a. paraphrasing b. reflecting c. confronting d. interpreting a. overt group members' personal goals are generally a. overt b. hidden from the group c. agreed on by the entire group d. none of the above d. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA) under the _______________ a 3-year-old child who is suspected of having a disability is guaranteed to receive testing at the expense of the public school system a. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) b. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) c. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 d. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA) c. researchers compared students' scores under Curriculum A with matched comparison group and found better achievement for Curriculum A which of the following most represents a quasi-experimental design? a. researchers compared the treatment group of low-fact meals with a randomized control group and found faster mental processing in the low-fat group b. researchers found that teachers at Henderson High favored the concept of year-round schooling c. researchers compared students' scores under Curriculum A with matched comparison group and found better achievement for Curriculum A d. researchers found that clients' stories reflected strong motivation for change b. consistancy _______________ is NOT one of the five part principal ethics of the counseling profession a. nonmaleficence b. consistancy c. justice d. autonomy c. sex roles; gender roles _________________ is (are) based on biology, and ___________________ include(s) social expectations of behavior a. gender roles; sex roles b. gender identity; sexual identity c. sex roles; gender roles d. sexual identity; gender identity a. Ivan Pavlov classical conditioning was developed by a. Ivan Pavlov b. Albert Bandura c. John B. Watson d. Joseph Wolpe d. all of the above individuals who demonstrate high career adaptability demonstrate a. concern for their future work life b. confidence to pursue career goals c. curiosity for exploring career possibilities d. all of the above d. subconscious mind Freud contended that each individual possesses all of the following types of consciousness EXCEPT: a. preconscious mind b. conscious mind c. unconscious mind d. subconscious mind a. psychotherapy a _________________ group is primarily remedial a. psychotherapy b. counseling c. psychoeducational d. task b. "Mental Measurements Yearbook" If a professional counselor would like to read critical test reviews of the Beck Depression Inventory, the counselor would be most interested in the publication known as a. "Tests" b. Mental Measurements Yearbook" c. "Tests in Print" d. "Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing" b. have the intervention be distinctive from what is naturally occurring for the subject In a single subject design, it is most important to a. have unequal time intervals between collections of baseline data b. have the intervention be distinctive from what is naturally occurring for the subject c. randomly assign subjects to interventions d. all of the above c. ask the client for permission to contact the other professional to establish a collaborative relationship A client tells her counselor that she is currently receiving counseling services from another mental health professional. according to the ACA's ethical code, the counselor should a. Terminate the counseling relationship with the client b. Ask the client to choose and continue seeing only one counselor c. Ask the client for permission to contact the other professional to establish a collaborative relationship d. All of the above b. Spiritually; religion _______________ is associated with meaningful experiences linked to a relationship to a divine entity, nature or the universe, whereas _______________ is more ritualistic and organized a. religion; spirituality b. spirituality; religion c. Buddhism; Confucianism d. Christianity; Taoism d. learning occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with a conditioned conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response operant conditioning Is based on the belief that a. true learning does not require external reinforcement b. learning depends on which behaviors are reinforced c. learning occurs through observation d. learning occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with a conditioned conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response b. how long an individual will remain with company according to the theory of work adjustment, tenure refers to a. an individuals ability to tolerate problematic and dissatisfying aspects of the job b. how long an individual will remain with company c. how long an individual will endure unfavorable work conditions before changing jobs d. the degree to which the individual and work environment continue to meet each other's needs b. social interest at the core of individual psychology is the concept of a. self-actualization b. social interest c. unconscious impulses d. individuation d. laissez-faire leadership style according to Kurt Lewin, Theory Z refers to a(n) a. democratic leadership style b. authoritarian leadership style c. autocratic leadership style d. laissez-faire leadership style d. speed tests yield spuriously high reliability coefficients which of the following is true regarding reliability? a. shorter tests are more reliable than longer tests b. high reliability estimates are reported when test items vary greatly in content c. the closer a reliability coefficient is to 0, the more reliable the instrument d. speed tests yield spuriously high reliability coefficients c. cluster sampling ______________ is a sampling technique that involves identifying convenient, existing subgroups and then randomly selecting subgroups a. systematic sampling b. stratified random sampling c. cluster sampling d. quota sampling a. stop providing counseling services if his or her emotions are likely to interfere with the ability to work with and help clients a counselor who is going through a divorce is ethically expected to a. stop providing counseling services if his or her emotions are likely to interfere with the ability to work with and help clients b. stop providing counseling services until the situation has been resolved c. seek supervision while working through this difficult time d. continue providing counseling services so that clients do not feel abandoned b. resilience being able to revert to previous levels of functioning is termed a. motivation b. resilience c. harmony d. participation [Show Less]
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CPCE Exams Questions and Answers 2023!!
When beginning a counseling relationship, you are ethically required to Inform the patient of the limits of confidentiality As you begin a counseli... [Show More] ng relationship, it is important to jointly decide, between patient and counselor, how the counseling process will proceed A client arrives for counseling with the presenting complaint of relationship difficulties. She goes on to describe that she has had multiple abortions, and seems to use abortion as a birth control method. You are personally opposed to abortion. How should your personal beliefs impact the therapeutic relationship? Your personal belief system should not have any bearing on the therapeutic relationship You have been involved in a counseling relationship with a client for six months, when he presents you with a small gift. What should you do? Accept or decline depending on the circumstances You are court-ordered to disclose confidential information about a client you are counseling. What do you do? Limit, as much as possible, any possibly damaging personal information and obtain written permission from your client to share confidential information What should you do if your client requests to see his confidential file? Accept or decline depending upon circumstances You are a counselor with several clients, and at the same time you are adjusting to a difficult divorce. You aren't sleeping or eating well, find you are highly distractible, and generally are less in-touch with your emotional state. You should... Be alert to your mental status, and be able to determine if continuing with your clients poses any threat of being detrimental to the counseling process A former client of yours has been arrested for a crime. As his former counselor, you are called to perform a forensic evaluation. What is your responsibility in this case? It is not considered ethical to perform a forensic evaluation on a current or past client, so you should decline You are the supervisor for a new counselor, and are asked to attend her wedding. Would it be ethical to do so? Yes, you should be able to attend her wedding without a breach of ethics While involved with a research study, you learn that several of your students are using confidential material in an unethical manner. You had no prior knowledge of this, and all of your safeguards for professional practice were appropriate. Are you, as the principal researcher, responsible for the student's behavior Yes, you are ultimately responsible When publishing research, it is important to Give credit to other contributors or sources, not plagiarize, and submit material to only one journal at a time When a conflict arises between the American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics and a governing authority, which takes precedence? Ultimately the law may be adhered to over the Code of Ethics An ethics violation should NOT be reported when A counselor has been retained to review another counselor who is in question; and when confidentiality rights would be violated What does multicultural/diversity counseling refer to? Counseling that recognizes diversity and approaches beneficial to specific groups and an approach that all counselors should ethically be aware of Most ethical issues are related to Confidentiality Only one psychoanalyst's developmental theory covers the entire lifespan. Who is he? Erik Erikson The Id, Ego, Superego are attributed to which psychoanalyst? Sigmund Freud What is the fourth stage of Jean Piaget's four stages Formal Operations Identity Crisis Erik Erikson Positive Psychology processes that contribute to optimal functioning/ not focusing on abnormalities Smoking habit to Sigmund Freud Oral Fixation Most mental health professionals believe no one theory of development completely explains the process John Bowlby Attachment Theory Lawrence Kohlberg's three levels of morality Pre-conventional, Conventional, and post-conventional Female version of Freud's Oedipus complex Electra Complex Researcher known for Rhesus Monkeys Harry Harlow Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory of human motivation - psychological, safety, love, affection, belongingness Down Syndrome Chromosomal abnormality John Watson Little Albert experiment Albert Bandura's best-known research Bobo Doll study What did Lev Vygotsky stress in his development theory? Cultural Context and language Freudian Defense Mechanism Repression Imprinting Konrad Lorenz Incorporating several therapeutic theories in your work eclectic Complaining of feeling restless, mood swings, times of hopelessness, periods of high energy and creativity in which she can go days without sleep Bipolar Client presents with his wife both complaining the patient has had a change in cognitive function including language and memory. Client denies loss of pleasure in normal activities and denies feeling sad, but client is able to manage his medications but requires someone to set up his medication box and set a timer for him. Neurocognitive Disorder Disorder of thought; disorder of mood Schizophrenia; bipolar disorder Mirroring back client's verbalizations, and not passing judgment. Facilitating in assisting his client in reaching resolution of the presenting problems. Rogerian, client-centered therapy Binge eating coupled with inappropriate methods of controlling one's weight may be a symptom of Bulimia Concerns of his health; reports chronic intestinal difficulties, but has not sought medical treatment for his concerns. For the last five years he rarely feels at ease while at his job. Feels uneasy when outside the home Agoraphobia loss of appetite; nervousness, and recurrent nightmares of a past hospital experience from years prior, where she says she almost died PTSD Actively defiant of instructions, argues regularly, spiteful, and resentful. School performance is marginal. Oppositional defiant disorder 40-year old client not feeling comfortable socially after gaining weight. Unwilling to try new activities and avoiding activities he once found enjoyable Avoidant Personality Disorder Client believes his favorite actress is in love with him. He is appropriate in every other way and substance use is not the factor Delusional Disorder Cyclothymia Mild form of bipolar disorder. Cause is unknown Client needs help with substance use, uses recreationally on the weekends. Two DUIs within 3 years Stimulant Use Disorder Complaints about significant Chronic back pain and shoulder pain (basis of a disability claim), when seen he looks fully physical capable of bending and picking up things Malingering - to receive an external reward Symptoms of Schizophrenia categorized in three groups Positive, Negative, and Disorganized Couple comes in. Wife displays feelings of distrust and no tolerance for relationships and also experiences excessive over-valuation "he's the best thing that every happened to me" Borderline Personality Disorder A patient diagnosed with depression/suicide ideation suddenly appears to feel better and think more clearly Suicide has increased! 20 year-old male college student. Last 6-7 months grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior and speech, hallucinations, poor responses Schizophrenia...Paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual When a client's physical symptoms have a psychological cause it is referred to as Conversion Disorder Appraisal Any means by which by which a counselor assesses a client. ie: mental health exam, IQ test Type of test - NCE Objective Test created by David Wechsler IQ When administering tests to a client, the counselor should always Inform the client of limitations of testing Validity (In testing) How accurate the test is Reliability (in testing) How consistent the results are The only test you are using with your client has a reliability of .60, you should... disregard the results of the test as the reliability is too low Francis Galton Inherited intellectual abilities; father of behavioral genetics; personality traits are passed down J.P. Guilford individual differences and intellect; creativity Developed the first intelligence test Alfred Binet and Theophilus Simon Rorschach Inkblot test Most researched test in history MMPI; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Psychometrics Psychological measurement; measures the inner workings of the mind and behavior Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Personality test You say a word to your client and he answers back with the first thing that comes to mind. What theorist developed the method you're using Carl Jung A career test that tests one's ABILITY An aptitude test When did group counseling begin to be done more regularly After the 1960s Which early theorist engaged in group therapy Alfred Adler Group therapy session that will be open only to patients suffering from depression, and will not allow new patients to join once the sessions have started. What type of group therapy are you offering? Homogenous closed groups (members share similarity; does not add new members once the session has begun) Closed group Stronger cohesiveness within the group and less cost-effective A common weakness in group therapy Not setting firm goals for the group Why did R.K. Conyne create the "Group Work Grid" to expand practical understanding of group work E-therapy Online Psychological Treatment You're concerned about how your group therapy sessions are progressing? Have an outsider observer assess the group When counseling young children in a group setting, it is helpful to enlist the involvement Parents In a group therapy setting, what is a gate keeper a role assumed by a group therapy member Someone who always agrees with anything the other group members say is nonassertive There are various stages in group therapy Forming, Storming, Norming, performing, and adjourning In group therapy, what is a blocker Group member who blocks new ideas Clients who are in the midst of a personal crisis are often not good candidates for group therapy. They would need... Medication and individual psychotherapy Group process analysis of the group's interactions Group Content the material that is being discussed within the group Most therapists consider the best size for group therapy to be between 6 and 8 members Branch of Psychology deals primarily with groups and social factors Social Psychology Who is considered the father of sociology Emile Durkheim You are sent a client who is culturally different from yourself. Is it ethical for you to counsel this client Yes,Counselor can enter a therapeutic relationship with someone who is culturally different Proxemics The study of proximity; refers to personal and interpersonal space An Asian client is most likely to choose a counselor who is Asian An area of study in social cognition Attribution A cultural norm how people are supposed to act Milgram experiment People will usually obey authority Social Distance Scale Emory Bogardus Foot in the Door Technique Compliance - Freedman and Frasier. If you ask someone for something small, they will eventually comply with getting something big Self fulfilling prophecy the false becomes true. Robert Merton. Stating something false will eventually come to pass Theory that helps explain prejudice Social Identity Theory - Henry Tajfel. When associated with a group, people will begin to think they are better than another group Altruism may be explained by Social Exchange Theory Jack and Samantha are alike in every way an it isn't long before they marry. What might explain their relationship? Consensual validity; they validate each other Cognitive Dissonance Making up excuses to make you feel better about yourself. Justifying your bad behavior in order to stay consistent - Leon Festinger The contingency model of leadership states that leadership is determined by Personality and situation Bystander effect You are more likely to help someone in need if you are the only other person present Your client is struggling with a weight problem. She loves sweets, but she hates what they do to her body. Your client's conflict is one of Approach/Avoidance (3 types - avoidance/avoidance and approach/approach) Acculturation When two cultures mix The Likert scale measures... Attitude and Physical Health You are asked to speak to a group and you plan your presentation based upon your knowledge of one of the members. What type of reasoning are you employing? Inductive Reasoning Using a specific measurement, such as smiles to measure happiness is an example of operational definition Every element of the population has an equal chance of being sampled. What type of sampling is this? Random Sampling A study measuring the IQ levels of a group of men, of differing ages, performed on a single day is most likely an example of Cross-Sectional study type of measurement which causes participants to behave differently because they are being watched Observer effect; Hawthorne effect Research study in which medication is not real in one group Placebo effect [Show Less]
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CPCE Questions and Answers 2022/2023
Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes 3 progressive levels culminating in... A. self-actualization, wherein the individual is fully humanistic... [Show More] . B. principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self- accepted set of standards of behavior. C. androgyny, wherein the individual exhibits both male and female stereotypic behaviors. D. personhood, wherein the individual is free from moral dilemmas. B A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules? A. variable interval B. fixed interval C. variable ratio D. fixed ratio C Research on the development of a person in a so-called "humanistic life outlook" has shown that it is facilitated by A. formal educational experiences. B. observational learning experiences. C. diverse interpersonal interactions. D. all of the above. D When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in "assertiveness training," initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social psychological concept as A. cognitive dissonance. B. dissociation. C. individuation. D. acculturation A "Men (used here to mean all people) are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them." This quote, attributable to Epictetus, most closely describes the counseling theory developed by A. Rogers. B. Carkhuff. C. Freud. D. Ellis. D The counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client's emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction is known as A. confrontation. B. paradoxical intention. C. systematic desensitization. D. reconfiguration. B Counselors know that groups are formed for different purposes. For example, in some groups the primary goal is to yield some specified outcome, or "product," while in others the primary goal is to focus on the "process" of interaction within the group. Which of the following types of groups is more product than process oriented? A. Behavioral B. Transactional-analysis C. Adlerian D. Client-centered A In the context of group counseling, members that are high in conformity also tend to be high in A. independence. B. authoritarianism. C. intelligence. D. superiority. B A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a "fields and levels" approach to careers is following the theory of A. Super. B. Roe. C. Holland. D. Tiedeman. B The concept of "career maturity" has been described and researched most extensively by A. Crites. B. Hoyt. C. Tiedeman. D. Ginzberg. A Person A and Person B both took the same test. Person A got a score of 100 while Person B got a score of 75. In order for a counselor to determine whether the difference between their scores was because of "chance," the counselor would need to know which of the following characteristics of the test? A. mean B. standard deviation C. standard error of measurement D. standard error of the mean C A counselor conducted a study intended to evaluate the effectiveness of on-going group career counseling on the vocational maturity of high school sophomores. The study was begun in September and continued until June. This study is partcularly susceptible to which of the following threats to the validity of an experiment? A. regression B. maturation C. reactive effects of experimentation D. multiple treatment interference B A counselor designs a study where two experimental groups and one control group complete pre- and post-experiment measures of self-concept. The subjects were not randomly assigned to the groups because of scheduling problems. Which of the following techniques is MOST appropriate for analyzing the resultant data? A. analysis of covariance B. correlated t-tests C. analysis of variance D. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test A You have been providing career counseling to a client who is seeking employment. Concurrent with the counseling, and with your knowledge, the client has made application for employment with several employers. A potential employer calls you and asks for your opinion as to your client's suitability for the employer's job opening. Under which of the following conditions are you free (i.e., not in violation of professional ethics), to provide the information requested? A. When it is clear that the client will not get the job unless the information is given B. When you are certain that the information you would provide would assure that the client would get the job. C. When in your best judgment you believe the information would enhance the client's chances for getting the job. D. None of the above D As applied to professional licensure of counselors, the term "reciprocity" means that A. one licensing agency agrees to accept the licensing standards of another as sufficient for its own. B. a licensed counselor may legally perform the functions of a licensed psychologist. C. certification is synonymous with licensure. D. graduation from a fully accredited counselor education program automatically constitutes eligibility for licensure. A Susie is playing with blocks and is trying to build a tower; she tries but cannot build a tower. Susie's mother helps her build a four-block tower. Later, Susie builds a four-block tower without her mother's help. According to Vygotsky, the inability to build the tower on her own is known as: a. scaffolding b. the zone of proximal development c. assisted discovery d. learning by imitation B According to Erickson, when an individual fails to develop a strong sense of identity, the individual will have troubles with the development of: a. autonomy b. initiative c. intimacy d. integrity C Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in Freud's theory of personality development? a. Oral, genital, latency, anal, phallic b. Genital, anal, phallic, oral, latency c. Latency, phallic, oral, anal, genital d. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital D Jacob's father tells Jacob to clean his room. When Jacob asks why, his father responds, "Because I said so." The father's response is most representative of which parenting style? a. Uninvolved b. Authoritarian c. Authoritative d. Permissive B Harry Harlow used baby monkeys and several different kinds of "surrogate mothers" to investigate which factors are important in early development and attachment. According to his findings, baby monkeys: a. preferred a soft terrycloth "mother" to a wire-mesh "mother" that held a bottle b. preferred a wire-mesh "mother" that held a bottle to a soft terrycloth "mother" c. showed no preference d. preferred neither "mother" A Which of the following is a myth about suicide in the United States? a. Male suicide is four times higher than that among females. b. It occurs in age groups of 90 years and up. c. Psychiatrists, physicians, and dentists are most prone. d. Asking someone about suicide may push that person over the edge D Cody does what his parents say because he doesn't want to lose his television privileges. This is an example of what level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development? a. Integrity versus despair b. Preconventional c. Conventional d. Postconventional B Josie likes to play peek-a-boo with her little brother, Jack. According to Piaget, Jack finds this game fun because he has acquired ____________, which is one of the primary tasks of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. a. conservation b. dual representation c. object permanence d. reversibility C The theorist associated with bonding and attachment is: a. Bowlby b. Adler c. Freud d. Piaget A Henry, a 72-year-old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks about his successes and regrets. This is an example of Erikson's: a. intimacy stage b. generativity stage c. industry stage d. ego integrity stage D When it comes to displaying aggression, girls more often engage in ____________ aggression than boys. a. hostile b. instrumental c. relational d. physical C All of the following are physical characteristics of Down Syndrome EXCEPT: a. short, stocky build b. almond-shaped eyes c. large hands and feet d. flattened face D Which of the following statements is true when considering cultural and familial influences on self-esteem? a. Chinese and Japanese children have higher self-esteem than North American children, mainly because their cultures have higher academic standards for achievement. b. Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls c. African American children tend to have lower self-esteem than Caucasian children. d. An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high selfesteem. D Research on gay and lesbian parents indicates: a. Their children are maladjusted. b. They are as dedicated to and effective at child rearing as are heterosexual parents. c. They are less dedicated to child rearing than heterosexual parents. d. Their children are parented harshly and inconsistently. B In the Stanford prison study, what caused the guards to treat the prisoners harshly? a.Their instructions from the researchers b.The uncooperative behavior of the prisoners c. The social context d. The pressure the guards got from one another C In the original studies, Milgram and his colleagues found that people were more likely to disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when __________. a. the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made b. two experimenters had conflicting demands about the continuation of the experiment c. the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man, apparently another volunteer d. the subject worked with peers who refused to go further in the procedure A In the Stanford prison simulation, male college students agreed to participate in an experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The researchers found that __________. a. within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, with accompanying emotional and physical ailments b. a small percentage of the guards became tyrannical and abusive in order to maintain the social structure of the prison c. the "tough but fair" guards urged the tyrannical guards to lighten up on the prisoners d. all of the prisoners and the guards became harsh and abusive A In what ways do stereotypes distort reality? a. Stereotypes exaggerate the differences that exist between groups. b. Stereotypes exaggerate the differences that exist within groups. c. Stereotypes produce many differing perceptions by many people. d. Stereotypes demonstrate that members of a group can be different A Jennifer has to choose between spending the evening at home with her parents or spending the evening babysitting her younger sister. Jennifer does not like either of these choices. This situation describes an: a. approach-avoidance conflict b. avoidance-avoidance conflict c. approach-approach conflict d. avoidance vector B 20. Connie tells each of her clients that the best way she can help them is to attempt to look at the world from the client's point of view. This counselor is taking the _________ perspective. a. etic b. alloplastic c. emic d. autoplastic C Working with individuals from different cultures requires that the counselor: a. have sensitivity to the needs of the individuals b. make a referral to another counselor c. have knowledge about the different cultures d. Both A and C. D A high standard of counseling practice when working with diverse populations involves all of the following EXCEPT: a. treating all clients the same way b. acknowledging and confronting their own biases and prejudices c. adapting one's knowledge and skills to meet the clients' needs d. educating oneself as completely as possible regarding the clients' cultural context A When working with individuals from different cultures, the effective counselor may not: a. use language similar to the client's b. maintain good eye contact at all times c. be cognizant of the context d. honor religious beliefs B Murray is a bright student, but he procrastinates. He puts off writing term papers and gets incompletes, which eventually become Fs. Murray's therapist helps him establish small, specific goals rather than vague, long-range goals. The therapist also asks Murray to keep a diary of how he is spending his time when he is avoiding his studies. The method used to help Murray deal with his problem is __________ therapy. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. Gestalt d. existential B The social-learning perspective is to the psychodynamic perspective as __________ are to _____________. a. bodily events; social and cultural forces b. social and cultural forces; bodily events c. environmental conditions; unconscious dynamics d. unconscious dynamics; environmental conditions C The process of saying freely whatever comes to mind in connection with dreams, memories, fantasies, or conflicts, in the course of a psychodynamic therapy session, is referred to as __________. a. systematic desensitization b. flooding c. free association d. exposure treatment C 27. Which of the following is not a behavioral therapy? a. Flooding b. Skills training c. Exposure d. Unconditional positive regard D The primary goal of __________ therapy is to find meaning in life. a. rational-emotive b. reality c. existential d. transactional analysis C Which of the following pairings of problem and the most successful therapy for that problem is INCORRECT? a. Childhood behavior problems and existential therapy b. Specific phobias and systematic desensitization c. Depression and rational-emotive therapy d. Panic disorder and behavior therapy A The bond of confidence and mutual understanding established between therapist and client is called the _______. a. therapeutic window b. therapeutic alliance c. clubhouse model d. window of opportunity B An apparent treatment success that is due to the patient's expectation or hopes rather than the treatment itself is called ____________. a. the placebo effect b. the nocebo effect c. the therapeutic window d. an empirically validated treatment A In _________ therapy, the therapist uses logical arguments to challenge a client's unrealistic beliefs or expectations. a. client-centered b. rational-emotive behavior c. existential d. aversive conditioning B Systematic desensitization and "flooding" are ___________ therapies. a. behavioral b. psychodynamic c. reality d. Adlerian A Which of the following types of psychotherapists would be most likely to use free association and transference? a. Rational-emotive behavior therapists b. Behavior therapists c. Psychodynamic therapists d. Client-centered therapists C _________ is a humanist approach that emphasizes the tragic aspects of life, the burden of responsibility, and the need to face the inevitability of death. a. Social interest b. Psychoanalysis c. Existentialism d. Self-actualization C According to Carl Rogers, __________ is love and support given to another with no strings attached. a. the condition of worth b. unconditional positive regard c. existentialism d. self-actualization B Which of the following pairs of personality theorists and perspectives is INCORRECT? a. Abraham Maslow; existentialist b. Carl Rogers; humanist c. Carl Jung; genetic d. Sigmund Freud; psychodynamic C Which of the following terms is associated with transactional analysis? a. Free association b. Unconditional positive regard c. Irrational beliefs d. Complementary transactions D Which one of the following does NOT belong with the other three? a. Horney b. Glasser c. Adler d. Jung B The withdrawal of reinforcement until the conditioned response no longer occurs is known as: a. extinction b. elimination c. discrimination d. punishment A Freud is to ego, id, and superego as ___________ is to parent, adult, and child. a. Jung b. Adler c. Perls d. Berne D Developed by Luft and Ingham, ______________ asserts that there are four parts to the personality: the public self, the blind self, the private self, and the unknown self. a. neurolinguistic programming b. the concept of the collective unconscious c. the concept of the family constellation d. the concept of the Johari window D In which is the focus on the meaning of life and the relevance of the individual experience? a. Existential counseling b. Adlerian counseling c. Gestalt therapy d. Reality therapy A Popular techniques of this approach are role playing, "empty chair," and "making the rounds." a. Client-centered b. Psychoanalysis c. Gestalt d. Adlerian C Popular techniques of this approach are examination of client's memories, "spitting in the client's soup," and "catching oneself." a. Adlerian b. Psychoanalysis c. Rational-emotive therapy d. Reality therapy A In this therapeutic approach, the counselor's emphasis is on being authentic while concentrating on verbal and nonverbal messages. a. Existential counseling b. Behavioral counseling c. Gestalt therapy d. Rational-emotive therapy C Paradoxical intention, implosive therapy, and thought stopping are all techniques used by _____________ counselors. a. Psychoanalytic b. Behavioral c. TA d. Reality therapy B Stress inoculation is a concept introduced by: a. John Krumboltz b. Joseph Wolpe c. Albert Bandura d. Donald Meichenbaum D According to Freud, _____________________ is the most important defense mechanism. An example of this defense mechanism is when a woman who has been physically abused by her spouse doesn't remember ever being hurt by him. a. regression b. repression c. reaction formation d. denial B . A dog that has been trained to stop and stand at attention when she hears a duck call does not stop and stand at attention when she hears a goose call. This is an example of: a. stimulus generalization b. higher-order conditioning c. conditioned response d. stimulus discrimination D The disadvantage of closed-ended questions is that the client usually fails to: a. disclose personal information b. come up with an answer to the questions c. continue to dialogue with the counselor d. Both A and C. D Rational-emotive behavior therapy follows a five-step system using ABCDE, where D stands for: a. the affect b. the effect c. the external event d. disputing the irrational belief D The goals of this type of therapy include gaining knowledge about the self and recognizing and integrating the self. a. Adlerian b. Jungian c. Existential d. Freudian D In order to elicit a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus must _________________ the unconditioned stimulus. a. follow b. precede c. occur at the same time as d. randomly occur sometime near D In contrast to feeling sorry for the client, the counselor needs to demonstrate ___________ toward the client. a. empathy b. sympathy c. emotionality d. stability D In order to facilitate growth in a client, the counselor uses all of the following strategies EXCEPT: a. confrontation b. reflection c. abandonment d. interpretation C A(n) _____________ schedule of reinforcement is the most difficult to extinguish. a. intermittent b. consistent c. systematic d. ratio A The primary distinction between reinforcement and punishment is that reinforcement ___________ the likelihood of the behavior to occur again, while punishment _________________ the likelihood of the behavior to occur again. a. increases; increases b. decreases; increases c. increases; decreases d. decreases; decreases C Negative reinforcement _______________ the behavior by _______________ a reinforcer; positive reinforcement ______________ the behavior by ____________ a reinforcer. a. increases, taking away; increases, adding b. increases, adding; increases, taking away c. decreases, adding; increases, adding d. decreases, taking away; increases, taking away A There are long silences, several members of the group are acting out, and it seems like all the group members are expressing frustrations with both the structure of the group and the way the group leader is functioning. Most likely this group is in the ___________ state of the group process. a. working b. initial c. transition d. closing C From this perspective the group goals are to enable members to pay close attention to their here-and-now experiences so they can recognize and integrate disowned aspects of themselves. a. Gestalt b. Psychodynamic c. Reality d. Existential A Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group counseling? a. Cost-effectiveness b. Focus on individual needs c. Opportunities for feedback d. Structured practice B As a leader of a group, Barb is very structured. She sets and directs all of the group's goals and activities and hardly ever asks the participants for input. Most likely, Barb has a(n) ________ style of leadership. a. laissez-faire b. democratic c. authoritative d. authoritarian D What is likely to happen in a group when the leader is authoritarian? a. Members become dependent on the leader. b. Members become more motivated to achieve goals. c. Members lose focus on goals. d. Members have high morale. A All of the following are characteristics of an open group EXCEPT: a. Members can join and leave at any time. b. The number of sessions is undetermined. c. There is good cohesion. d. Group meetings are usually held in a hospital setting C In contrast to a homogeneous group, a heterogeneous group: a. is more cohesive and supportive b. has members with greater awareness of themselves and others c. has less conflict among participants d. focuses on one specific problem B All of the following are assumptions of groups EXCEPT: a. The leader is a member of the group. b. Trust is a must. c. Much of the growth in groups occurs through observations, modeling, and social learning. d. There are often discrepancies among participants' expectations, hopes, and desires. A During the working stage of the group, the leader's role is to: a. establish a trusting climate b. provide a role model c. deal with feelings d. support risks D The emphasis for this type of group is on prevention and development of healthy behaviors. a. Secondary b. Tertiary c. Primary d. Homogeneous C There is a distinction between group content and group process. An example of group process would be: a. Sarah monopolizes the group by continuously talking and doesn't allow other participants to contribute to the discussion. b. Joe says, "I think today's topic should be what to do on a first date." c. Randy rolls his eyes every time Karen says something. d. both A and C. D Greg seems to make light of everything that goes on in the group. If someone is late, for example, he makes a humorous remark about calling for a search party. Greg would be described as the __________ of the group. a. joker b. dominator c. placater d. scapegoa A A counselor is conducting the initial screening of individuals who may be included in a bereavement group. An appropriate candidate for the group would be one who: a. has a severe mental illness b. lacks cognitive and thinking abilities c. is free from the use of alcohol or other drugs d. has a history of violence or uncontrolled anger C A group has co-leaders. That is, there are two trained counselors who are facilitating the group together. All of the following are advantages of co-leadership groups EXCEPT: a. More support and attention are provided to group participants. b. There is less time spent observing participants. c. Effective modeling of appropriate behavior is provided to the participants. d. Participants often view co-leaders as parents. B The group leader points out defenses, resistances, and transferences as they occur in this type of group. a. Client-centered group b. Psychoanalytic group c. Encounter group d. Transactional analysis group B Premature termination of participation in a group usually occurs when an individual is: a. not very motivated b. highly intelligent c. open to experiences d. empathetic A Career-oriented, successful ethnic minority women: a. face racial but not gender discrimination b. rarely receive support from other women c. tend to have mothers who had low expectations for them d. often display unusually high self-efficacy D [Show Less]
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NCE and CPCE Questions and Answers 2023
What does CACREP stand for? the Council for the Accreditation and Counseling Related Educational Programs What does CCE stand for? Center for Cred... [Show More] entialing and Education, inc What does REBT stand for and who is the main theorist associated with it? Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy; Ellis. Name Freud's Psychosexual stages of development. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. (Mnemonic device: Oh, Anthony, Please Let's Go!) Describe Erik Erikson's stages. Erik Erikson is an Ego psychologist and a disciple of Freud. His 8 stages focus on social relationships, therefore they are called psychosocial. Each stage has a crisis that must be overcome in order to move on to the next stage. His stages are Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/doubt; Industry v. Inferiority; Initiative vs. Guilt; Identity v. Role confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair. (Mnemonic device: The Air In Iceland Is Icy, Greenland Isn't.) define psychometric. pertaining to mental testing and measurement define psychodiagnostic the study of personality through interpretation of behavior and non-verbal cues; or labeling a client in a diagnostic category. define psychopharmacology the study of the effects drugs have on psychological functions. What is the id? the basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused. What is the ego? this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check. What is the superego? the superego is the moralistic and idealistic principle in the Freudian theory. Which group of theorists believe "if you can't measure it, it doesn't exist"? Behaviorists. They focus on O.O.B. The observable, objective behaviors. (My AP psych teacher in HS called it the O.O.B. tampon. gross, but it helped me remember it!) Who is the only psychoanalyst with a developmental theory that covered the entire lifespan? Erik Erikson's Psychosocial stages covered the entire lifespan. Each stage has a crisis or turning point. What theory is A. A. Brill associated with? Career theory Milton H. Erickson is associated with... Brief psychotherapy and hypnosis. What field is Jean Piaget associated with? Cognitive Child Development Who is Jay Haley and what is the nature of his contribution to counseling? Haley is most famous for his work on strategic and problem-solving therapy, more specifically with his use of the paradox technique. He also studied with Milton Erickson. Arnold Lazarus He is a known behavioral therapist who worked specifically with methods of desensitization and phobias. He is most associated with Multimodal Therapy. William Perry He is known for his work in adult cognitive development, specifically with college students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking" among college students, where everything is either black or white. (Memory technique: think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to associate Perry with dualism.) Ed Neukrug Also a cognitive developmentalist. His work is similar to Perry's. He noted that college students initially think that their professor has all the answers (dualistic), but gradually get to a more relativistic way of thinking and realize that answers exist that are relative to a given situation. (Memory technique: "What do you THINK about Ed nuking the rug??" Think= cognitive dev, Ed Neukrug.) Robert Kegan Yet another adult cognitive developmentalist. SPecifically with interpersonal development. His theory was called the Constructive Model of Development- people construct reality throughout the lifespan. What are Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development in order? Sensorimotor; Preoperational; Concrete; Formal. These stages must occur in order, but may be experienced at varying ages. What is the major critique of Jean Piaget's research? He spent too much time observing his own kids, and thus drawing his conclusions from a small, specific, population. Who formulated the very first intelligence test? Alfred Binet. In France. Oh la la! What is a t test? Also known as the Student's t, it is a statistical test used in formal experiments to determine if a statistical significance exists between the means of two normally distributed groups. Define Conservation. A substance's mass, weight, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. It most likely refers to volume and mass, though. A child who has not mastered this concept will not have flexible thinking. (Mastered during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage 7-11 years) Symbolic Schema A schema is a system where the child tests out things in the physical world. An example of a symbolic schema is when a child uses a pie plate as a steering wheel (because it fits into the schema they have created for "Steering Wheel") This occurs in the Preoperational Stage. David Elkind's research supports what Piagetian concept? Elkind's statistical research supports Piaget's principle of conservation, with mass being the first and most easily understood concept for children, followed by weight and volume respectively. Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of what type of development? Moral development. Define Epigenetic Epigenetic is the biological term borrowed from embryology. Each stage emerges from the one before it. It is systematic and follows a specific order. Who is the father of American Behaviorism? John B. Watson. He coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912. define Reversability. the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)? He did not think that developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational intervention. What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories? Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow. Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development? Lawrence Kohlberg A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an example of what characteristic? Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the vantage point of another person. Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional The Post-Conventional stage is also called the.... Personal Integrity, or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess? It is part of Kohlberg's morality development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario. Who is the father of Analytic Psychology? Carl Jung Who is the father of Psychoanalysis? Sigmund Freud What is biofeedback? Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area occurred at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas, even though it is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold. From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"? Erik Erikson, because his psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage. RS factors RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into their work. What is Positive Psychology? a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness. What concept is Martin Segliman known for? The concept of Learned Helplessness- in the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there is no way out" even if one is clearly present. What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for? he is the founder of Individual Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex. What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development? child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior. What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage? individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and the nation. What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage? (also known as self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did not believe that most people reached this level) Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the Postconventional level? under 40%. What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postconventional stage of moral development? Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr. What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages? Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year) Harry Stack Sullivan postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations? similar to Erikson, biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cultural demands of society A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage? Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life and feels it has been worthwhile. What is a Periodic Fugue State? an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home, often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and become screen writers...) Counter-Conditioning A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. (systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a good example) Good boy/good girl orientation is a sublevel of the conventional stage of moral development in which a person is concerned with approbation and the ability to please others in order to achieve recognition. Hedonism a concept that arises in the preconventional stage of moral development. the child thinks, "if I am nice to others, others will be nice and give me what I want". What is the Zone of Proximal Development pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the difference between a child's performance on a task without the aid of a teacher, and his performance with the aid of a teacher. (natural capacity vs. capacity through learning) what theory is organ inferiority associated with? Alfred Adler's individual psychology. Maturationist Theory behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. ALso suggests that neural development must reach a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. What would be the primary goal of a maturationist counselor? to unleash the inborn abilities, instincts, and drives of the client. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics. John Bowlby he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. HE though that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life. object loss Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors. symbiosis Mahler's term for a child's absolute dependence on a female caregiver. Difficulties in symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis. In what stage and age does the "midlife crisis" occur? Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation (or Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity= productive, happy, looks out for others. Daniel Levinson wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later. Harry Harlow the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation and rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment is an innate tendancy. Monkeys in isolation developed abnormal behaviors, and showed signs of dysfunction when placed with normal monkeys. Who continued Harlow's research and provided evidence to support his attachment theories extend to humans? Rene Spitz- noted that kids raised in impersonal institutions cried more, had trouble sleeping,had more health-related issues, and developed anaclitic depression. Anaclitic Depression term coined by Rene Spitz denoting infants that are raising in an isolating environment have trouble forming close relationships in life. Arnold Gesnell maturationist; pioneer in using 1 way mirrors for observing children. He believed that development was determined by genetics, therefore a child must be ready in order to accept a certain level of education. What are Freud's Stages considered? Psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) What are Erik Erikson's Stages considered? Psychosocial (Birth-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust, 18 months-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3-5: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority, 12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion, 18-35: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation, 35-55/65: Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation, 55/65-Death: Integrity vs. Despair What is emphasized in Freudian Theory? Instincts What is emphasized with Ego psychologist (like Erik Erikson)? man's powers of reasoning to control behavior Who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span? Erik Erikson What does Freud also call the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts? The id What is also known as the reality principle? The Ego What concept does William Perry stress? Dualistic Thinking What is Dualistic Thinking? common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. Very black or white. What is relativistic thinking? Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation. There is more then one way to view the world. What does Robert Kegan stress? A model on Interpersonal Development What is Interpersonal Development? A "Constructive Model of Development" meaning individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan. List Jean Piaget's stages in order. Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations. What does conservation mean in Piaget's theory? the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget when does a child master conservation? During Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years old). This occurs during the time they are able to count mentally as well. Who is the leading theorist in Moral Development? Lawrence Kohlberg Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of Moral Development? Lawrence Kohlberg According to Lev Vygotsky why do stages unfold? Due to educational intervention Define Epigenetic. Each developmental stage emerges from the one before it. Who is the father of American Behaviorism? John B. Watson (he coined Behaviorism in 1912). Define the concept of reversibility and when does it occur according to Piaget? Occurs in the 3rd Stage, Concrete Operations. Says one can undo an action, hence an object can return to it's initial shape. How are kids generally in Piaget's Preoperational Thought Stage? Egocentric (the rain is following me). The child can not view the world from the vantage point of someone else. How many levels of moral development does Kohlberg's Theory have and name them? Three Levels. Preconventional, Convential, and Postconventional. (Each level is then broken down into two stages). What does the Heinz Story do for Kohlberg? It is a way to assess the level and stage of moral development one is at. Where does the term "Identity Crisis" come from? Erik Erikcon What is Alfred Adler the founder of? Individual Psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex. Describe each of Kohlberg's Level of Morality. Preconvential- child responds to consequences, reward and punishment play a big role here. Conventional- individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Postconvential- hard to reach. Individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. A key issue is the common good of society. What is Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory? Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations. Biological determination is seen as less important then interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society. (similar to Erik Erikson's) In Kohlberg's first or preconvential level what is the individual's moral behavior guided by? Consequences What did Lev Vygotsky pioneer? The Zone of Proximal Development (it describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor). What can Frued and Erikson be classified as? Maturationists. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics. John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with what? Bonding and attachment. He believes a child must have a bond with an adult by age 3 and if this bond is lost at an early age it is called "object loss." In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur? Generativity vs. Stagnation What is Harry Harlow known for? His work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned. [Show Less]
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CPCE Questions and Answers 2023
Appraisal Process of assessing or estimating attributes Free choice / free response Short answer Forced choice NCE/CPCE Recognition ite... [Show More] ms Difficulty index Indicates percentage of people who answered each item correctly Normative & Ipsative format Normative - person's score evaluated by comparing it to others who took same test Ipsative - measures compare traits within same person Achievement (attainment) tests vs. personality (interest) inventory Achievement - Measure maximum performance or present level of skill Personality - typical performance Q-sort Sorting statements to evaluate self-esteem Sprial test vs. cyclical test Spiral - Items get progressively harder Cyclical - several sections which are spiral Test battery Horizontal test - measures various factors (ex: math & science) during same testing procedure Which is more important, validity or reliability? Validity - a test must measure what it means to measure Types of validity Content - does the test examine the behavior under scrutiny? Construct - test's ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence Concurrent - how well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose Predictive (empirical) - test's ability to predict future behavior according to criteria Consequential - social implications of using tests * criterion validity - concurrent validity and predictive validity together Incremental vs. synthetic validity Incremental - process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped Synthetic - helper looks for tests that have been shown to predict each job element or component Convergent vs. discriminant validity Convergent - correlating test scores with an outside source Discriminant - test will not reflect unrelated variables Reliability coefficient of .70 means 70% of the score is accurate and 30% is inaccurate True variance or coefficient of determination Square the coefficient Ex: Correlation of .70 .... .70 x .70 = .49 and .49 x 100 = 49% First IQ test Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon MA/CA x 100 IQ formula replaced by SAS (standard age score) Wechsler IQ More for adults than Binet WPPSI Wechsler PS and Primary Scale of Intel. - 2-6 months to 7 years and 7 months WAIS-IV Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - 16-90 years Online, 60-90 min, based on neurocognitive research, verbal/perceptual/working memory/processing speed, FSIQ (full scale IQ), measures IQ from 40-160 Mean: 100 SD: 15 (16 for Stanford Binet) WISC-IV Wechsler Intel. Scale for Children - 6-16 years Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey personality measure for people who do not have severe psychiatric disabilities MMPI - 2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2 Help clinicians diagnose and treat Standardized personality test Psychometric Any form of mental testing [Show Less]
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