Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)
from birth to 2 years, motor activity
Pre-operational Stage (Piaget)
from 2 years to 7 years, development of
... [Show More] language, memory, and imagination (symbolically)
Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)
from 7 years to 11 years, logical thinking
Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)
adolescence to adulthood, abstract thoughts
Physical Development
a developmental process that refers to the physical growth of a person's body
Cognitive Development
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
Piaget's Theory
Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.
Vygotsky's Theory
A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Erikson's Theory
Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
Trust versus Mistrust
(Erikson)
Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (Erikson)
Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.
Initiative versus Guilt (Erikson)
Pre-school children initiating activities and asserting control.
Industry versus Inferiority (Erikson)
The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.
Identity versus Role Confusion (Erikson)
Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt
Intimacy versus Isolation (Erikson)
Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation.
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).
Preconventional
Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and punishments dominate moral thinking
Conventional
Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
Postconventional
Right and wrong determined by society's rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute or by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equality and justice
Gilligan's Theory
The theory suggesting that there is a different process of moral development in women than in men.
Chomsky's Theory
Children have an inborn ability to learn language through exposure to it, not being taught it.
Skinner's Theory
Theory proposed that we learn language through association, imitation and reinforcement
Vygotsky's language theory
Social learning
Language Development
the process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher (scaffolding)
Intelligence Theories
varying ways that psychologists conceptualize what is meant to be "smart"
Behaviorist Theory
Personality is constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment.
Cognitivist Theory
A research approach that emphasizes how the human mind receives, processes, stores, and retrieves information in learning and retrieving information.
Humanistic Theory
An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the entirety of life rather than individual components of behavior and focuses on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth
cooperative learning
small groups of classmates work toward common goals
collaborative learning
Learning that takes place when students work in groups to discuss and solve problems together. [Show Less]