Physical Development: Infants
* Hold up heads
* Roll over
* Reach for things
* Sit
* Crawl
* Begin to Walk
* Increased coordination
* Manipulate
... [Show More] objects with hands
Physical Development: By Age 2
* Feed themselves with hands
* Jump & run awkwardly
* Throw ball
* Use zipper
* Make tower of blocks
Physical Development: Toddlers
*Love to run
* Hop
* Tumble
* Play
* Swing
* Fine motor skills developing
* Can string beads
* Do jigsaw puzzles
Physical Development: By Age 4
* Print name
* Dress and undress self
* Eat with utensils
Physical Development: Middle Childhood: 6-10 Years
* Slow, steady weight gain
* Speed and coordination improve
* Begin organized sports
* Refinement of fine motor skills
* Improved handwriting
* Drawings more representational
Physical Development: Adolescence: 10-18 Years
* Girls begin puberty earlier
* Boys grow taller
* Boys more muscular
* Girls' physical growth slows
* Boys physical growth continues
* Reach sexual maturity
At which developmental stage would a child be expected to tie shoes?
Primary school
How does female growth differ than male growth during the adolescent stage?
Females usually complete physical growth before males
Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the early childhood physical development stage?
Ties shoelaces
Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the middle childhood physical development stage?
Refining of motor coordination
Piaget
* scheme, schema
* adaptation
* assimilation, disequilibrium, equilibrium, & accommodation
* Learn from interaction with peers and environment
Vygotsky
* Scaffolding
* Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
* More knowledgeable other (MKO)
* Using language (as a mediator)
** explaining, giving examples, asking leading questions
* Social & Cultural interactions important
Piaget Stages
* Sensorimotor Stage
* Preoperational Stage
* Concrete Operational Stage
* Formal Operational Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
(Birth - 2 years)
* Learn through movement and senses
* Reflexive or active
* Sucking
* Grabbing
* Looking
* Listening
*Object permanence
** unseen things still exist
Preoperational Stage
(Preschool/Kinder)
* Prelogical thought
* Play and pretend
* Language develops
* Forms many new schemes
* Egocentrism
** all about me
* Centration
** focus on only one aspect at a time
Concrete Operational Stage
(Elementary)
* Logical thought
* Need concrete, hands-on, experience
* Mental reversal
* Seriation
* Sorting
* Classifying
* Conservation
Formal Operational Stage
(Middle school/High school)
* Abstract thought
* Higher order thinking & reasoning
* Mental manipulations
* Systematic problem-solving, critical thinking
* Hypothesize
* Predict
Vygotsky Stages
* No specific stages
* Support learning from lower level to higher level and more complex knowledge and skills at all ages
Erikson - Psychosocial (8 Stages of Identity Development)
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4.Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Trust vs. Mistrust
* Babies
* Provide love, care, food
* Need comfort and safety
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
* Toddlers
* Need for independence
* Me do stage
* Insist on doing things on own
Initiative vs. Guilt
* Preschool/Kinder
* Exploration
* Asking lots of questions
* Trying new things on own
Industry vs. Inferiority
* Elementary
* Intellectual curiosity
* School performance
* Need positive reinforcement
* Praise
* Avoid undue competition or criticism
Identity vs. Role Confusion
* Adolescents
* Develop sense of self
* Influenced by other's reactions
* Peers important
* Social role models important
Intimacy vs. Isolation
* Young adults
* Best friends and soulmates
* Developing relationships
* Sense of self
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
Preconventional
* All about me
* Doesn't understand concept of rules, just follows
* Avoid punishment, stay out of trouble
* Receive reward, privileges, favors
* Being obedient
Conventional
* All about rules or laws
* Rules are set and unchangeable, black and white view of rules
* Respect authority or policy
* Be good citizen or student
* Maintain social conventions, social order
Postconventional
* All about others
* Rules or laws are flexible depending on context or situation
* Obeys laws for the good of society
* Considers people's reasons for breaking rules or laws before judging or punishing
* May break rules or laws to protect others or to protect rights
Chomsky
Theory of Universal Grammar - Innate/Biological
Chomsky - Babbling
* 6-8 months
* Consonant-vowel combinations (ba-ba, ma-ma, da-da, na-na)
Chomsky - Holophrastic
* 9-18 months
* Single words represent a sentence (Up, juice, mine)
Chomsky - Two-word
* 18-24 months
* Mini sentences (Doggy bark, Me play, Go bye-bye)
Chomsky - Telegraphic
* 24-30 months
* Vocabulary increases. Use mostly nouns and verbs, omit auxiliary words (Carrie want ball, I good boy today, What her name?)
* Early multiword stage
Chomsky - Later multiword
* 30+ months
* 5+ word sentences, fastest vocabulary increase. Sentences formed with improving grammar, structure, and communicative intent and function
Skinner Language Development
Operant Conditioning and Language Development
Skinner Operant Conditioning and Language Development
* Children learn language based on reinforcement
* Learn language through imitating, prompting, shaping
* Associating words with meanings
* Correct utterances are positively reinforced
Vygotsky Language Development
Social Approach to Language Development
Vygotsky Social Approach to Language Development
* Language develops through social interactions
* Children need interpersonal interactions
* Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
* Scaffolding (temporary support)
* Private speech (talking to yourself)
Spearman Intelligence Theory
General Intelligence
Thurnstone Intelligence Theory
7 factor intelligence
Sternberg Intelligence Theory
Successful Intelligence
Gardner Intelligence Theory
Multiple Intelligences
Spearman's General Intelligence
* General (g factor)
** overall intellectual ability
* Specific (s factor)
** specific intellectual ability
* Smart across the board
Thurnstone's 7 factor intelligence
* Still suggested a general factor
* Book smarts
* Scores vary together
Sternberg's Successful Intelligence
* Triarchic view
** Three types of intelligence
* Creative [Show Less]