Autosomal Dominant - ✔✔ 1 parent has, 50% change of child having
Autosomal Recessive - ✔✔ Both parents are carriers, 25% change of child
... [Show More] having, 50% chance child is a carrier.
Cystic Fibrosis - ✔✔ affects pancreas causing secretions in lungs
21st Trisomy - ✔✔ Down Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) - ✔✔ male has extra X, female like qualities
Turner Syndrome - ✔✔ Missing X in females
Alpha Thalassemia - ✔✔ inherited blood disorder; mild to severe anemia
Beta Thallasemia - ✔✔ low hemoglobin; contraindicated medication ferrous sulfate
Prevalence Risk - ✔✔ proportion of the population affected at a certain time
Incidence rate - ✔✔ number of new cases divided by population
Innate immunity - ✔✔ inflammation; increased vascular permeability
B&T lymphocytes - ✔✔ immune response
primary malignant tumor - ✔✔ lack of organization of cells
glucocorticoids - ✔✔ used in combination with other agent to treat lymphoid tissue (leukemia). glucocorticoids are directly toxic to lymphoid tissues.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) - ✔✔ for hormone receptor positive and advanced breast cancer. (Tamoxifin reduces risk and recurrence risk)
Heart failure - ✔✔ impairment of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood; heart cannot meet metabolic need of the body.
CHF - ✔✔ heart cannot keep up with metabolic needs; volume overload in pulmonary area
Left Ventricular Dysfunction - ✔✔ reduced ejection fraction; ventricle having issue ejecting blood.
normal ejection fraction - ✔✔ 55 - 60 % (blood pumped out with each heartbeat)
Ejection fraction of 50% - reduced or preserved? - ✔✔ preserved
Diastolic CHF - ✔✔ preserved ejection fraction, problem is with filling
Systolic CHF - ✔✔ reduced ejection fraction, problem is with ejecting
Left sided CHF - ✔✔ pulmonary (JVD, fluid volume overload, rails, S-3 murmurs) ** #1 cause of Right sided CHF
BNP - ✔✔ gold standard lab test to diagnose CHF
Echocardiogram - ✔✔ Diagnostic tool, evaluates heart structure and function
At Risk for HF - Stage A - ✔✔ no structural heart disease or symptoms of heart failure
Stage A HF co-morbidities - ✔✔ htn, atherosclerotic disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, patients using cardiotoxins with family history
Therapy goals of stage A HF - ✔✔ treat htn, encourage smoking cessation, encourage regular exercise, treat lipid disorders, discourage alcohol intake/drug use, control metabolic syndrome
Meds: ACEI or Angiotensin II RB for vascular disease or diabetes (avapro, losartan, benicar, diovan, etc)
At Risk for HF - Stage B - ✔✔ structural heart disease but no symptoms of heart failure
Stage B HF co-morbidities - ✔✔ previous MI, LV remodeling with LV hypertrophy and low EF, asymptomatic valvular disease
Therapy goals of Stage B HF - ✔✔ Meds: ACEI or ARB, Beta-blockers, inplantable defibrillators
Stage C heart failure - ✔✔ structural heart disease with prior or current symptoms of HF
Presentation of Stage C HF - ✔✔ known structural heart disease and shortness of breath and fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance
Therapy for Stage C HF - ✔✔ dietary salt restriction, MEDS: diuretic, ACEI, beta blockers. Some patients: aldosterone antagonist, ARBs, digitalis, hydralazine/nitrates, biventricular pacing, inplantable defibrillators
Stage D heart failure - ✔✔ refractory HF requiring specialized interventions
Presentation of Stage D HF - ✔✔ marked symptoms at rest despite maximal medical therapy (recurrently hospitalized or cannot be safely discharged without specialized interventions)
Therapy goals for Stage D HF - ✔✔ compassionate end-of-life care/hospice, extraordinary measures ,heart transplant, chronic inotropes, permanent mechanical support, experimental drugs or surgery
Ischemic heart Disease (CAD, MI) presentation - ✔✔ chest discomfort, pain in neck/jaw/chest (crushing, squeezing, sharp), pain worse with exertion (demand requirement is higher), abnormal heart sounds, hypoxia, arrhythmias (afib, ST elevation)
Stable angina goal - ✔✔ decrease cardiac oxygen demand [Show Less]