RNA polymerase - ✔✔ Enzyme that facilitates transcription
Transcription - ✔✔ synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Ribosome -
... [Show More] ✔✔ Large macromolecular complex where proteins are synthesized
tRNA (transfer RNA) - ✔✔ Form of RNA that is complementary to mRNA.
Has a neucleotide anticodon on one end and an amino acid in the other.
Translation - ✔✔ decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
Coding strand (DNA) - ✔✔ The original strand off which the new nucleotide sequence is based.
Almost the same as mRNA
template strand (DNA) - ✔✔ The strand mRNA uses to make a copy.
Complementary to mRNA
missense mutation - ✔✔ base substitution results in change in an amino acid
nonsense mutation - ✔✔ changes a normal codon into a stop codon
silent mutation - ✔✔ change in DNA that codes for the same amino acid
Replication - ✔✔ process of copying DNA prior to cell division
DNA polymerase III - ✔✔ synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
Needs a primer to start
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - ✔✔ Copying DNA in lab.
Used to study/diagnose
PCR needs - ✔✔ Target DNA
dNTPs (deoxyneucleotides)
DNA primers
Taq polymerase (stable at high temps)
Helicase - ✔✔ An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
Ligase - ✔✔ An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment
Repair for damage to bases from harmful molecules (like chemicals) - ✔✔ Base excision (removes damaged base and replaces it)
Mismatch repair - ✔✔ Repair for base mismatches due to errors in replication
Repair for double stranded breaks in DNA
(Radiation/x-rays) - ✔✔ Homologous recombination (using sister chromosome as model)
Non homologous end joining (no model available)
Nucleotide excision - ✔✔ Repair for damage from UV which causes adjacent nucleotides to fuse together (thiamine dimers)
Amino acid sequence wraps around proteins called - ✔✔ Histones
Histones organize to form - ✔✔ Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes organize to form - ✔✔ Chromatin
Chromatin organizes to form - ✔✔ A chromosome
Complete dominance - ✔✔ When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
Codominance - ✔✔ A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.
Both phenotypes are expressed.
Incomplete dominance - ✔✔ when the phenotypes of the two alleles blend
Point mutations - ✔✔ chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene
frameshift mutations - ✔✔ Insertions and deletions
4 parts of an amino acid - ✔✔ Carboxyl group
Alpha carbon
Amino group
R side chain
COO-
I
H - C - R
I
NH3+ - ✔✔ Abbreviated structure (amino acid)
3 types of amino acids - ✔✔ Hydrophobic
Polar
Charged
Bonds in hydrophobic amino acids - ✔✔ C-C, C-H
Bonds in polar amino acids - ✔✔ O-H
N-H
S-H [Show Less]