3D Printing
3D Printing is three-dimensional printing technology that deposits materials like plastics and metals in thick layers one atop the other with
... [Show More] the process gradually building up one layer at a time until the object is produced.
A broad view of JIT
A philosophy that encompasses the entire organization.
lean production/lean systems
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ABC classification
A method for determining level of control and frequency of review of inventory items.
A - Typically 20% of the items accounting for 80% of the inventory value. (continuous review)
B - Typically an additional 30% of the items accounting for 15% of the inventory value. (periodic review)
C - Typically the remaining 50% of the items accounting for only 5% of the inventory value. (two-bin system)
Acceptable quality level (AQL)
The small percentage of defects that consumers are willing to accept.
Acceptance sampling
The process of randomly inspecting a sample of goods and deciding whether to accept the entire lot based on the results. Used where inspection is expensive, volume is high, or inspection is destructive. ٭
Action bucket
The current time period.
Action notices
Output from an MRP system that identifies the need for an action to be taken.
activity-on-node
network diagramming notation that places activities in the nodes and arrows to signify precedence relationships
advertising revenue model
provides users with information on services and products and provides an opportunity for suppliers to advertise
affiliate revenue model
companies receive a referral fee for directing business to an affiliate
aggregate plan (also called the production plan)
includes the budgeted levels of finished products, inventory, backlogs, workforce size, and aggregate production rate needed to support the marketing plan
(during the next six to eighteen months)
ALDEP and CRAFT
computer software packages for designing process layouts
allowance factor
the amount of time the analyst allows for personal time, fatigue, and unavoidable delays
alternative workplace
brings work to the worker rather than the worker to the workplace
anticipation inventory
inventory built in anticipation of future demand
application service provider (ASP)
sets up and runs ERP systems
appraisal costs
costs incurred in the process of uncovering defects
assemble-to-order strategy
produces standard components that can be combined to customer specifications
assignable causes of variation
causes that can be identified and eliminated
Attribute
A product characteristic that has a discrete value and can be counted.
automated order entry system
a method using telephone models to send digital orders to supplier
Automation
Using machinery to perform work without human operators.
Average number of jobs in the system
Measures work-in-process inventory.
Average outgoing quality (AOQ)
The expected proportion of defective items that will be passed to the customer under the sampling plan.
Back order
Delaying delivery to the customer until the item becomes available.
back orders
unfilled customer orders
Backward integration
Owning or controlling sources of raw materials and components. ٭
backward scheduling
starts with the due date for an order and works backward to determine the start date for each activity; scheduling method that determines when the job must be started to be done on the due date
Balance delay
The amount by which the line efficiency falls short of 100 percent.
Balance delay (%) = 100 − efficiency
batch process
a type of process used to produce a small quantity of products in groups or batches based on customer orders or specifications (bakeries, education, and printing shops)
behavioral feasibility
degree to which the job is intrinsically satisfying to the employee
benchmarking
studying the business practices of other companies for purposes of comparison
best operating level
the volume of output that results in the lowest average unit cost
beta probability distribution
typically represents project activities
bill of material (BOM)
lists all the subassemblies, component parts, and raw materials that go into an end item and shows the usage quantity of each required
block plan
schematic showing the placement of resources in a facility; Table that gives the number of trips or units of product moved between any pair of departments.
Bottleneck
longest task in the process
Bottom-round management
Consensus management by committees or teams.
break-even analysis
technique used to compute the amount of goods that must be sold just to cover costs
broad view of JIT
a philosophy that encompasses the entire organization
broad view of the organization
tasks and procedures are important only if they meet the company's overall goals
bullwhip effect
inaccurate or distorted demand information created in the supply chain
Business strategy
A long-range plan for a business.
Business-to-business (B2B)
Electronic commerce between businesses.
business-to-business e-commerce
businesses selling to and buying from other businesses; on-line businesses sell to individual consumers
Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce
Online businesses sell to individual consumers.
Business-to-customers (B2C)
Electronic commerce between businesses and their customers.
Capacity
the maximum output rate that can be achieved by a facility
capacity cushion
additional capacity added to regular capacity requirements to provide greater flexibility
capacity planning
the process of establishing the output rate that can be achieved by a facility ٭
capacity planning using overall planning factors (CPOPF)
a rough-cut capacity planning technique. MPS items are multiplied by historically determined planning factors for key resources
capacity requirements planning (CRP)
determines the labor and machine resources needed to fill the open and planned orders generated by the M RP
capacity utilization
percentage measure of how well available capacity is being used
capacity-based options
a group of options that allow the firm to change its current operating capacity
Capacity-constrained resources
Bottleneck caused by inefficient usage.
Capital costs
The higher of either the cost of the capital or the opportunity cost for the company.
Causal models
Based on the assumption that the variable being forecast is related to other variables in the environment.
cause-and-effect diagram
a chart that identifies potential causes of particular quality problems ٭
C-chart
A control chart used to monitor the Number of defects per unit. ٭
cell manufacturing
placement of dissimilar machines and equipment together to produce a family of products with similar processing requirements
Cells
Hybrid layouts that create groups of products based on similar processing requirements.
chase aggregate plan
a planning approach that varies production to meet demand each period
checklist
a list of common defects and the number of observed occurrences of these defects ٭
Closed-loop MRP
An MRP system that includes production planning, master production scheduling, and capacity requirements planning.
common causes of variation
random causes that cannot be identified ٭
Competitive priorities
Capabilities that the operations function can develop in order to give a company a competitive advantage in its market. [Show Less]