A mathematical model is used to predict the trajectory of a bullet fired from a gun.
Which discipline of physical science is used to develop this
... [Show More] model?
Physics
An environmental scientist monitors pollutants in a lake.
Which two disciplines of physical science does this scientist use?
Choose 2 answers
1. Chemistry
2. Earth science
Which study involves both Earth science and physics?
Calculating how much energy is associated with a hurricane
Which question could be answered with a controlled experiment?
Does ice melt faster in an empty glass or in a glass full of water?
Which topic would be appropriate for a controlled experiment?
Determining how fast different chemical pollutants dissolve in water
Which question requires a controlled experiment to answer?
Which elements are found in Earth's atmosphere?
Sir Isaac Newton discovered that the force of gravity between two masses increases if the masses increase, and decreases if the distance between the masses increases. No experiments have ever contradicted this relationship.
Which type of scientific statement is this?
Law
The well-accepted scientific explanation for many characteristics of Earth's crust states that the crust is broken into several large plates. These plates move slowly over the mantle below because of convection and other processes. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most common at places where the plates interact. Evidence from physics, chemistry, and geology supports this explanation.
Which type of scientific idea is this explanation an example of?
Theory
A student proposes that sugar will dissolve faster in rubbing alcohol than in water. The student reasons that sugar and rubbing alcohol both contain carbon so they will mix more easily.
Which type of scientific idea is the student's proposal an example of?
Hypothesis
Why was the shrinking Earth idea replaced by the theory of plate tectonics?
Plate tectonics explained observations about Earth that the shrinking Earth idea could not explain.
Astronomers have long accepted that plate tectonics exists nowhere in our solar system except on Earth. In 2011, a scientist analyzed 100 NASA-space-mission photographs of Valles Marineris on Mars, the longest known series of canyons in the solar system. The scientist found that Valles Marineris showed features found only in locations on Earth where major tectonic plates divide.
What would be the appropriate response of scientists to this information?
Carry out further research to gain more understanding of possible plate tectonics on Mars
According to the theory of plate tectonics, volcanoes are especially likely to form along plate boundaries because of rising magma. New satellite data mapping the ocean floor reveals thousands of seamounts, which are small volcanoes. Some of the seamounts are in lines that could correspond to past or present plate boundaries, but many are not aligned in this way.
How should scientists appropriately respond to the idea that some new mechanism of forming the volcanoes is involved?
Carry out more research to understand better how the seamounts form
For many decades, scientists thought they understood how ozone breaks down in the stratosphere, creating ozone holes. However, new data show significantly lower reaction rates than can be explained by the long-held model.
What is the appropriate scientific approach for dealing with this contradiction?
Conduct additional experiments to confirm the new data
For almost 1500 years most scientists in Europe accepted Ptolemy's geocentric planetary model that suggested the sun revolved around Earth. By the eighteenth century, most scientists supported a heliocentric model that suggests that Earth revolves around the sun.
What is an appropriate scientific basis for this change in view?
The existing theory was changed to account for new data
A woman does pushups by lowering her body to the floor using her arms and then pressing against the floor with her hands to push herself back up.
A woman is in a typical prone, plank position doing a push-up. She is looking at the floor. Her toes are contacting the floor with her feet perpendicular to the floor. Her hands are flat on the floor with wrists bent so that her forearms are perpendicular to the floor and elbows bent so that her upper arms are parallel to the floor.
Which force causes her to rise?
The upward force that the ground exerts on the woman
Two boxes sitting on the floor look identical, but one has more mass than the other.
What happens when the same net force, sufficient to overcome static friction, is applied to each box?
The box with less mass accelerates more
Two identical train engines are parked on parallel tracks. One engine has ten cars attached, and the other has no cars attached. Each engine exerts the same net force, which allows the train to overcome static friction.
Which engine will be able to accelerate more?
The engine not pulling any cars will accelerate more
A woman applies an upward force to a basket filled with groceries. Assume she is standing still.
What will happen to the basket if the force she applies is greater than the force of gravity?
The basket will move up
A heavy truck and a light car travel at the same velocity side-by-side on the highway. Both drivers apply the same braking force at the same moment.
What will happen to the two vehicles?
The car will slow down more quickly than the truck
Which force causes graphite from the tip of a pencil to transfer to the paper?
Friction
Which force keeps Jupiter in orbit around the Sun?
Gravity
Which force causes a jet airplane to stop on a runway?
Friction
Which force causes meteors to burn up when they enter Earth's atmosphere?
Friction
A slingshot is a Y-shaped stick with rubber bands between the prongs for shooting stones and other small projectiles. A stone is shot by first placing it in the slingshot holder, which is attached to the rubber bands. The stone and holder are then pulled back, stretching the rubber bands. When released, the stone is propelled forward and leaves the slingshot at a high speed.
Which type of energy transformation occurs from the point when the rubber bands are fully stretched to when the stone leaves the slingshot?
Elastic potential energy is converted into kinetic energy
Which type of energy conversion occurs at the moment fireworks explode?
Chemical potential energy is converted into kinetic energy
What energy conversion takes place as a box slides to a stop on a horizontal table?
Kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy
What energy conversion occurs in a car's engine?
Chemical potential energy is converted into thermal energy
Which kind of electromagnetic radiation carries information to and from a cell phone when it is used for a phone call?
Microwaves
A cashier who has been handed a hundred-dollar bill may check its authenticity by holding it under a special lamp that emits electromagnetic radiation mostly at wavelengths slightly shorter than visible light. The electromagnetic radiation makes a pattern of previously invisible markings on the bill glow brightly, or fluoresce.
Which kind of electromagnetic radiation does the lamp emit to produce this effect?
Ultraviolet radiation
After natural disasters, first responders can locate survivors in the rubble by using thermal detectors. Because the victims' bodies are warmer than their surroundings, the difference in temperature is detected by electromagnetic waves.
Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is being detected?
Infrared radiation
Airport security uses electromagnetic radiation to form images of objects inside passenger luggage.
Which type of electromagnetic radiation is used in this way?
X-rays
Which type of wave has a longitudinal motion?
Sound waves
Which is a characteristic of electromagnetic waves?
Transverse wave motion
Which subatomic particle is located outside the nucleus?
Electron
What charge does a neutron have?
No charge
A chocolate chip cookie is made with dough and chocolate chips.
Which type of substance is a chocolate chip cookie?
Mixture
Which example describes a compound?
A substance with sodium atoms bonded to chlorine atoms
In which state of matter are particles close together, but able to slide past one another?
Liquid
Which change of state does the image show?
Solid to liquid
Which action demonstrates a chemical change?
Cooking an egg
Which type of bond is formed when valence electrons are shared between two atoms?
Covalent
Which properties will elements in group 2 share, based on location in the periodic table?
Choose 2 answers
1. Good thermal conductivity
2. Good electrical conductivity
Consider the location of sodium (Na) on the periodic table.
Which element has chemical properties that are similar to sodium's?
Potassium (K)
A beaker contains 500 g of liquid water. An ice cube with a mass of 5 g is added to the water in the beaker.
How many grams of liquid water are in the beaker when the ice has melted?
505 g
A chemist places 250 grams of liquid water into a beaker. The volume of the liquid water is 250 milliliters. The chemist then freezes the water. After it is frozen, the ice has a volume of 273 milliliters.
What is the mass of the ice?
250 grams
When baking soda is added to vinegar, a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction produces carbon dioxide gas, and a liquid solution consisting mostly of water and a salt called sodium acetate.
How is mass affected in this reaction, according to the law of conservation of matter?
The total mass of baking soda and vinegar must equal the total mass of carbon dioxide and the liquid solution
In which phase change is energy being absorbed from the surroundings?
Water boiling on an electric burner
What happens when wet clothes dry outside on a warm day?
The water in the clothes absorbs energy from the air and becomes a gas
Earth formed from dust and gases surrounding the sun.
Which force pulled the dust and gases together to form Earth?
Gravitational
A galaxy consists of many stars in the same large region of space.
Which phenomenon leads stars to group together to form a galaxy?
Gravity between stars
Which season is it in Japan and in Australia when Earth is in the position shown in the diagram?
Winter in Japan and summer in Australia
What is true during summer in the northern hemisphere?
The northern hemisphere receives more direct sunlight than in the winter
Which position on the diagram represents Earth's location in its orbit during winter at a weather station near Earth's south pole?
A
A geologist is doing a risk assessment for a location where the African plate is moving away from the South American plate.
Which risk description must the geologist give for this location?
There is high risk of volcanoes and low risk of large earthquakes
A utility company is considering building a power plant at a location on the Eurasian plate far from any plate boundaries.
Which types of risk are present in this location?
Low risk of both volcanoes and earthquakes
The map shows some of Earth's tectonic plates with the directions of plate motion indicated by arrows.
Four locations are marked. Location A is in central region of the Australian continent. Location B is in the Pacific Ocean near Japan at a convergent plate boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate. Location C is in the south Pacific Ocean on a divergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Antarctic Plate. Location D is in Nepal on a convergent plate boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate.
Which statement accurately describes these locations?
Volcanoes are more likely at location C than at location A
A river flows across a region. As the river flows, it erodes the rock beneath it.
Which type of landform will develop if the river continues to flow along a straight path?
Valley
Which landform is produced when sediment is eroded from one side of a river and deposited on the other side?
Meander
Alternative Description: The rock cycle is represented as a circular flowchart consisting of several arrows pointing to and from different points on the flowchart. From point A, an arrow labeled "melting and cooling" goes to point B. Along the middle of this arrow lies point D. Also from point A, an arrow labeled "heat and pressure" goes to point C. From point B, an arrow labeled "erosion and deposition" goes to point A. Also from point B, an arrow labeled "heat and pressure" goes to point C. From point C, an arrow labeled "erosion and deposition" goes to point A. Also from point C, an arrow labeled "melting and cooling" goes to point B.
Slate is a common metamorphic rock that can be used for construction.
Where in the rock cycle diagram should slate be placed?
Point C
Alternative Description: The rock cycle is represented as a circular flowchart consisting of several arrows pointing to and from the labels of "sedimentary rock," "metamorphic rock," and "igneous rock" on the flowchart. The arrows on the flowchart are as follows: An unlabeled arrow points from igneous rock to sedimentary rock. An arrow, labeled as A, points from metamorphic rock to sedimentary rock. An unlabeled arrow points from metamorphic rock to igneous rock. An unlabeled arrow points from sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock. An unlabeled arrow points from sedimentary rock to igneous rock. The final unlabeled arrow points from igneous rock to metamorphic rock.
A student makes the diagram of the rock cycle that is shown here.
Which description should the student place on arrow A?
Erosion and deposition
The rock layers shown in the illustration have not been disturbed or overturned.
Four layers of rock. From top to bottom they are Limestone (Sedimentary), Shale (Sedimentary), Sandstone (Sedimentary), and Granite (Igneous).
Which type of environment was present in this region most recently, based on these rock layers?
A warm, shallow sea
The rock layers shown in the illustration have not been disturbed or overturned.
Four layers of rock. From top to bottom they are Limestone (Sedimentary), Shale (Sedimentary), Sandstone (Sedimentary), and Marble (Metamorphic).
What can be inferred about the geologic history of this area from these rock layers?
It was exposed to high heat and pressure, and then experienced deposition
Through which layer of the atmosphere does a mountaineer climbing a tall mountain ascend?
Troposphere
A meteorologist is studying the formation of a hurricane.
Which layer of the atmosphere is the meteorologist studying?
Troposphere
During heavy rains, the soil on a farm is washed away into a nearby river.
Which parts of the water cycle result in this loss of soil?
Choose 2 answers
1. Precipitation
2. Runoff
Snow falls from the atmosphere and accumulates on a glacier.
Which part of the water cycle does this process represent?
Precipitation
A gardener is working in a garden on a hot, humid day. Suddenly, clouds begin to form. Within a few hours, gusty winds and a thunderstorm are passing through the area. After the storms pass, the weather is clear and much cooler.
What caused this change in weather?
A cold front moved through the area
A hiker needs to select a day for a hike. The hiker examines weather forecasts for the next several days.
Which day should the hike be planned for, if the hiker wants to hike on a clear day with no clouds?
A day when a high pressure system rests over the area
Which of these is an example of climate change caused by natural variation?
The low rainfall that helped produce the dust bowl in the American Great Plains
What is an example of climate change that can be caused by human activity?
Changes in average temperature from increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide [Show Less]