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WGU C165 Exams Questions with Complete Solutions 2023
A mathematical model is used to predict the trajectory of a bullet fired from a gun. Which discipline of physical science is used to develop this model?... [Show More] Physics Chemistry Earth science Astronomy Physics An environmental scientist monitors pollutants in a lake. Which two disciplines of physical science does this scientist use? Choose 2 answers Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Chemistry & Earth Science Which study involves both Earth science and physics? Calculating how much energy is associated with a hurricane Measuring the energy produced by a generator Comparing the composition of crude oil from different regions Monitoring changes in phosphorus levels of a lake Calculating how much energy is associated with a hurricane Which question could be answered with a controlled experiment? Does ice melt faster in an empty glass or in a glass full of water? Do all planets have the same shape of orbit around the sun? What is the maximum distance between Earth and Jupiter? What is the length of the longest river in North America? Does ice melt faster in an empty glass or in a glass full of water? Which topic would be appropriate for a controlled experiment? Determining how fast different chemical pollutants dissolve in water Comparing the elements present in different stars Measuring how fast a river flows Predicting the path of a tornado Determining how fast different chemical pollutants dissolve in water Which question requires a controlled experiment to answer? Which type of rock contains the most calcium? Which planet has the most moons? Which elements are found in Earth's atmosphere? Which fossils formed earliest in Earth's history? Which type of rock contains the most calcium? Sir Isaac Newton discovered that the force of gravity between two masses increases if the masses increase, and decreases if the distance between the masses increases. No experiments have ever contradicted this relationship. Which type of scientific statement is this? Hypothesis Theory Law Prediction Law The well-accepted scientific explanation for many characteristics of Earth's crust states that the crust is broken into several large plates. These plates move slowly over the mantle below because of convection and other processes. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most common at places where the plates interact. Evidence from physics, chemistry, and geology supports this explanation. Which type of scientific idea is this explanation an example of? Hypothesis Theory Law Prediction Theory A student proposes that sugar will dissolve faster in rubbing alcohol than in water. The student reasons that sugar and rubbing alcohol both contain carbon so they will mix more easily. Which type of scientific idea is the student's proposal an example of? Hypothesis Theory Law Observation Hypothesis Why was the shrinking Earth idea replaced by the theory of plate tectonics? Plate tectonics was a new theory, which made it more reliable. Plate tectonics explained observations about Earth that the shrinking Earth idea could not explain. Geologists voted on which theory to accept, and chose plate tectonics. Many well-known geologists were involved in proposing plate tectonics. Plate tectonics explained observations about Earth that the shrinking Earth idea could not explain. Astronomers have long accepted that plate tectonics exists nowhere in our solar system except on Earth. In 2011, a scientist analyzed 100 NASA-space-mission photographs of Valles Marineris on Mars, the longest known series of canyons in the solar system. The scientist found that Valles Marineris showed features found only in locations on Earth where major tectonic plates divide. What would be the appropriate response of scientists to this information? Reject plate tectonics on Mars as the explanation because it contradicts accepted science Decide whether to accept plate tectonics on Mars based on the reputation of scientists involved Hold public debates among scientists and then vote whether plate tectonics occurs on Mars Carry out further research to gain more understanding of possible plate tectonics on Mars Carry out further research to gain more understanding of possible plate tectonics on Mars According to the theory of plate tectonics, volcanoes are especially likely to form along plate boundaries because of rising magma. New satellite data mapping the ocean floor reveals thousands of seamounts, which are small volcanoes. Some of the seamounts are in lines that could correspond to past or present plate boundaries, but many are not aligned in this way. How should scientists appropriately respond to the idea that some new mechanism of forming the volcanoes is involved? Reject it because it contradicts the theory of plate tectonics Accept it if the person proposing it is a credible expert on plate tectonics. Carry out more research to understand better how the seamounts form Stage public debates to get a consensus on how the seamounts form Carry out more research to understand better how the seamounts form For many decades, scientists thought they understood how ozone breaks down in the stratosphere, creating ozone holes. However, new data show significantly lower reaction rates than can be explained by the long-held model. What is the appropriate scientific approach for dealing with this contradiction? Conduct additional experiments to confirm the new data Ignore the new data because it contradicts the accepted model Ask the general public to vote on which data are correct Accept whichever data the most famous scientists support Conduct additional experiments to confirm the new data For almost 1500 years most scientists in Europe accepted Ptolemy's geocentric planetary model that suggested the sun revolved around Earth. By the eighteenth century, most scientists supported a heliocentric model that suggests that Earth revolves around the sun. What is an appropriate scientific basis for this change in view? The most prominent scientist that supported the geocentric model died The existing theory was changed to account for new data The old theory was voted down by a scientific council The heliocentric model was supported by a popular scientist The existing theory was changed to account for new data A woman does pushups by lowering her body to the floor using her arms and then pressing against the floor with her hands to push herself back up. Which force causes her to rise? The downward force of gravity that Earth exerts on the woman The downward force that the woman's arms exert on the ground The upward force that the ground exerts on the woman The upward force that the woman's arms exert on the ground The upward force that the ground exerts on the woman Two boxes sitting on the floor look identical, but one has more mass than the other. What happens when the same net force, sufficient to overcome static friction, is applied to each box? The box with less mass accelerates more. The box with more mass accelerates more. Both boxes accelerate at the same rate. Both boxes remain at rest. The box with less mass accelerates more. Two identical train engines are parked on parallel tracks. One engine has ten cars attached, and the other has no cars attached. Each engine exerts the same net force, which allows the train to overcome static friction. Which engine will be able to accelerate more? The engine not pulling any cars will accelerate more. The engine pulling ten cars will accelerate more. Both engines will accelerate at the same rate. Both engines will remain at rest. The engine not pulling any cars will accelerate more. A woman applies an upward force to a basket filled with groceries. Assume she is standing still. What will happen to the basket if the force she applies is greater than the force of gravity? The basket will move sideways. The basket will remain at the same height. The basket will move up. The basket will move down. The basket will move up. A heavy truck and a light car travel at the same velocity side-by-side on the highway. Both drivers apply the same braking force at the same moment. What will happen to the two vehicles? The car will slow down more quickly than the truck. The truck will slow down more quickly than the car. Both vehicles will slow down at the same rate. The car will slow down but the truck will continue at the same speed. The car will slow down more quickly than the truck. Which force causes graphite from the tip of a pencil to transfer to the paper? Friction Gravity Air Resistance Tension Friction Which force keeps Jupiter in orbit around the Sun? Air resistance Gravity Kinetic friction Magnetism Gravity Which force causes a jet airplane to stop on a runway? Friction Gravity Tension Centripetal Force Friction Which force causes meteors to burn up when they enter Earth's atmosphere? Friction Gravity Magnetism Tension Friction A slingshot is a Y-shaped stick with rubber bands between the prongs for shooting stones and other small projectiles. A stone is shot by first placing it in the slingshot holder, which is attached to the rubber bands. The stone and holder are then pulled back, stretching the rubber bands. When released, the stone is propelled forward and leaves the slingshot at a high speed. Which type of energy transformation occurs from the point when the rubber bands are fully stretched to when the stone leaves the slingshot? Chemical potential energy is converted into gravitational potential energy. Gravitational potential energy is converted into thermal energy. Chemical potential energy is converted into gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Elastic potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Which type of energy conversion occurs at the moment fireworks explode? Elastic potential energy is converted into thermal energy. Gravitational potential energy is converted into thermal energy. Chemical potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Elastic potential energy is converted into gravitational potential energy.. Chemical potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. What energy conversion takes place as a box slides to a stop on a horizontal table? Kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy. Gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Chemical potential energy is converted into gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy is converted into gravitational potential energy. Kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy. What energy conversion occurs in a car's engine? Kinetic energy is converted into elastic potential energy. Gravitational potential energy is converted into electrical potential energy. Chemical potential energy is converted into thermal energy. Thermal energy is converted into gravitational potential energy. Chemical potential energy is converted into thermal energy. Which kind of electromagnetic radiation carries information to and from a cell phone when it is used for a phone call? Microwaves X-rays Infrared radiation Ultraviolet radiation Microwaves A cashier who has been handed a hundred-dollar bill may check its authenticity by holding it under a special lamp that emits electromagnetic radiation mostly at wavelengths slightly shorter than visible light. The electromagnetic radiation makes a pattern of previously invisible markings on the bill glow brightly, or fluoresce. Which kind of electromagnetic radiation does the lamp emit to produce this effect? Microwaves Infrared radiation Ultraviolet radiation X-rays Ultraviolet radiation After natural disasters, first responders can locate survivors in the rubble by using thermal detectors. Because the victims' bodies are warmer than their surroundings, the difference in temperature is detected by electromagnetic waves. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is being detected? Radio waves Infrared radiation Ultraviolet radiation X-rays Infrared radiation Airport security uses electromagnetic radiation to form images of objects inside passenger luggage. Which type of electromagnetic radiation is used in this way? Radio waves Visible light Ultraviolet radiation X-rays X-rays Which type of wave has a longitudinal motion? Gamma waves Transverse waves Sound waves Light waves Sound waves Which is a characteristic of electromagnetic waves? Transverse wave motion Travels faster through water than air Longitudinal wave motion Can travel only through a vacuum Transverse wave motion Which subatomic particle is located outside the nucleus? Proton Neutron Electron Ion Electron What charge does a neutron have? Positive charge Negative charge No charge Variable charge No charge A chocolate chip cookie is made with dough and chocolate chips. Which type of substance is a chocolate chip cookie? Element Compound Mixture Mineral Mixture Which example describes a compound? A substance with only iron atoms A substance with sodium atoms bonded to chlorine atoms A substance with fluorine and nitrogen atoms that are not bonded together A substance with iron and aluminum atoms that are not bonded to each other A substance with sodium atoms bonded to chlorine atoms In which state of matter are particles close together, but able to slide past one another? Liquid Solid Plasma Gas Liquid Which action demonstrates a chemical change? Cooking an egg Shredding paper Evaporating water Breaking a stick Cooking an egg Which type of bond is formed when valence electrons are shared between two atoms? Ionic Mechanical Covalent Metallic Covalent Which properties will elements in group 2 share, based on location in the periodic table? Choose 2 answers Good thermal conductivity Good electrical conductivity Poor thermal conductivity Poor electrical conductivity Good thermal conductivity & Good electrical conductivity A beaker contains 500 g of liquid water. An ice cube with a mass of 5 g is added to the water in the beaker. How many grams of liquid water are in the beaker when the ice has melted? Less than 500 g 500 g 505 g More than 505 g 505 g A chemist places 250 grams of liquid water into a beaker. The volume of the liquid water is 250 milliliters. The chemist then freezes the water. After it is frozen, the ice has a volume of 273 milliliters. What is the mass of the ice? 250 grams Between 250 grams and 273 grams 273 grams More than 250 grams 250 grams When baking soda is added to vinegar, a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction produces carbon dioxide gas, and a liquid solution consisting mostly of water and a salt called sodium acetate. How is mass affected in this reaction, according to the law of conservation of matter? The total mass of baking soda and carbon dioxide must equal the total mass of the liquid solution. The total mass of baking soda and vinegar must equal the total mass of carbon dioxide and the liquid solution. The total mass of baking soda and vinegar must equal the total mass of the liquid solution. The total mass of vinegar and water must equal the total mass of baking soda, carbon dioxide, and the liquid solution. The total mass of baking soda and vinegar must equal the total mass of carbon dioxide and the liquid solution. In which phase change is energy being absorbed from the surroundings? A pond freezing over in winter Water boiling on an electric burner Molten glass solidifying into a vase Clouds forming on a summer day Water boiling on an electric burner What happens when wet clothes dry outside on a warm day? The water in the clothes absorbs energy from the air and becomes a gas. The water in the clothes releases energy into the air and becomes a gas. The air absorbs energy from the water and changes the water into a gas. The air releases energy into the clothes and changes into liquid water. The water in the clothes absorbs energy from the air and becomes a gas. A geologist is doing a risk assessment for a location where the African plate is moving away from the South American plate. Which risk description must the geologist give for this location? There is high risk of volcanoes and low risk of large earthquakes. There is low risk of volcanoes and high risk of large earthquakes. There is high risk of both volcanoes and large earthquakes. There is low risk of both volcanoes and large earthquakes. There is high risk of volcanoes and low risk of large earthquakes. A utility company is considering building a power plant at a location on the Eurasian plate far from any plate boundaries. Which types of risk are present in this location? Low risk of volcanoes, high risk of earthquakes High risk of volcanoes, low risk of earthquakes Low risk of both volcanoes and earthquakes High risk of both volcanoes and earthquakes Low risk of both volcanoes and earthquakes A river flows across a region. As the river flows, it erodes the rock beneath it. Which type of landform will develop if the river continues to flow along a straight path? Valley Dune Glacier Meander Valley Which landform is produced when sediment is eroded from one side of a river and deposited on the other side? Valley Dune Waterfall Meander Meander Where is metamorphic rock found in the rock cycle? After erosion and deposition After folding and cracking After heat and pressure After melting and cooling After heat and pressure Through which layer of the atmosphere does a mountaineer climbing a tall mountain ascend? Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Troposphere A meteorologist is studying the formation of a hurricane. Which layer of the atmosphere is the meteorologist studying? Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Troposphere During heavy rains, the soil on a farm is washed away into a nearby river. Which parts of the water cycle result in this loss of soil? Choose 2 answers Precipitation Infiltration Runoff Evaporation Precipitation & Runoff Snow falls from the atmosphere and accumulates on a glacier. Which part of the water cycle does this process represent? Precipitation Infiltration Evaporation Runoff Precipitation A gardener is working in a garden on a hot, humid day. Suddenly, clouds begin to form. Within a few hours, gusty winds and a thunderstorm are passing through the area. After the storms pass, the weather is clear and much cooler. What caused this change in weather? A high pressure system rested over the area. A low pressure system rested over the area. A cold front moved through the area. A warm front moved through the area. A cold front moved through the area. A hiker needs to select a day for a hike. The hiker examines weather forecasts for the next several days. Which day should the hike be planned for, if the hiker wants to hike on a clear day with no clouds? A day when a high pressure system rests over the area A day when a low pressure system rests over the area A day when a warm front moves through A day when a cold front moves through A day when a high pressure system rests over the area Which of these is an example of climate change caused by natural variation? The low rainfall that helped produce the dust bowl in the American Great Plains The increase in the Sahara desert's area from overgrazing by farm animals in North Africa The decrease in average humidity of the air from draining swampland in an area The decrease of rainfall from cutting down the trees in a rainforest The low rainfall that helped produce the dust bowl in the American Great Plains What is an example of climate change that can be caused by human activity? Changes in average temperature from increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide Changes in average temperature from changes in the sun's energy emission Changes in average temperature over Earth's history from changes in Earth's tilt Changes in temperature from the onset of the last ice age Changes in average temperature from increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide Earth formed from dust and gases surrounding the sun. Which force pulled the dust and gases together to form Earth? Gravitational Electrical Magnetic Frictional Gravitational A galaxy consists of many stars in the same large region of space. Which phenomenon leads stars to group together to form a galaxy? Gravity between stars Electrical attraction Random coincidence Nuclear force between ions Gravity between stars What is true during summer in the northern hemisphere? Earth is closer to the sun than during the winter. Earth rotates more slowly than in the winter. The northern hemisphere receives more direct sunlight than in the winter. The northern hemisphere is tilted less toward the sun than in the winter. The northern hemisphere receives more direct sunlight than in the winter. [Show Less]
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WGU C165 Questions With Correct Answers 2023
The study of energy and forces of matter Physics The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes; atoms, molecules and their interacti... [Show More] ons to form substances Chemistry the study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space astronomy The scientific study of earth and the universe around it including structure, materials and processes Earth Science The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. independent variable The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. dependent variable Structures that scientists build to represent something else. Physical Model a verbal or graphical explanation for how a system works or is organized conceptual model A description of a system using mathematical concepts and language like an equation. mathematical model a computer program that models an event or object computer model Only falsifiable statements can be subject to scientific inquiry principle of falsification a statement that is worded so that it is falsifiable, or disprovable, by experimental results falsifiable statement Concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments Law A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results. scientific theory The theory that the universe originated in a huge explosion that released all matter and energy. Big Bang Theory Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents. tectonic plates The hypothesis that the continents slowly move across Earth's surface. continental drift International System of units based on the metric system and units derived from the metric system SI system kilogram (kg) SI unit for mass meter (m) SI unit for length seconds (s) SI unit for time Kelvin (K) SI unit for temperature prefix used in the International System to indicate a power of 10 SI prefix centi (c) SI prefix meaning 0.01 milli (m) SI prefix meaning 0.001 kilo (k) SI prefix meaning 1,000 Micro SI prefix meaning .000001 Nano (n) SI prefix meaning .000000001 Mega (M) SI prefix meaning 1,000,000 The distance an object travels per unit of time Speed Amount of space occupied by an object Volume Mass per unit volume Density Mass divided by volume D=m/v Density formula a relationship in which one variable increases with an increase in another variable or vice versa direct relationship a relationship in which one variable decreases when another variable increases and vice versa inverse relationship defined in terms of standards base quantity a physical aspect described by a combination of base quantities derived quantity The speed of an object in a particular direction Velocity Change in velocity divided by the time it takes for the change to occur Acceleration Speeds up Slows down And/or Changes direction Acceleration occurs when an object A push or pull exerted on an object Force Newton (N) SI unit for force The combination of all forces acting on an object net force forces acting on an object that combine and form a net force of zero balanced forces Forces that produce a nonzero net force, which changes an object's motion unbalanced forces (An object continues in uniform motion in a straight line/ at rest unless a resultant force acts.) The net force on an object is the cause of its acceleration Newton's First Law The tendency to keep the same motion- remaining at rest or maintaining the same velocity Inertia The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied. F=ma Newton's Second Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Newton's Third Law The force that two surfaces exert on each other when they rub against each other Friction The force of friction between two objects that are moving against each other kinetic friction frictional force that prevents two surfaces from sliding past each other static friction A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses. Gravity mass times velocity linear momentum Momentum is conserved when two or more objects collide. Momentum may transfer but total momentum within the group stays the same Law of conservation of momentum The ability of a material to bounce back after being disturbed Elasticity Force exerted on an object that causes it to move Work The ability to do work or cause change Energy energy of motion kinetic energy Energy that is stored and held in readiness potential energy Force x distance Work formula Joule (J) SI unit for work and energy Energy stored by objects due to their position above Earth's surface. Increases with mass. gravitational potential energy the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance chemical potential energy Energy stored by something that can stretch or compress elastic potential energy Energy carried by electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic energy (light energy) The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance thermal energy The rule that energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred or converted Law of Conservation of Energy the act or state of swinging back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm Oscillation A state of balance to which an oscillating object eventually returns to after a disturbances is gone Equilibrium waves that require a medium through which to travel mechanical waves A wave that can transfer electric and magnetic energy through the vacuum of space Electromagnetic waves A space where no particles of matter exist Vacuum the oscillation is parallel to the direction the wave is traveling. longitudinal wave Highest point of a wave Crest Lowest point of a wave Trough the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium. The height of the wave. Amplitude Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves Wavelength The amount of time it takes one wavelength to pass a point Period the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time Frequency Hertz (Hz) SI unit for frequency electromagnetic waves that are visible to the human eye visible light Red Color with longest wavelength and lowest energy Violet Color with shortest wavelength and highest energy Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies and energy radio waves Electromagnetic waves that have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies and energy than radio waves. Microwaves Third on the electromagnetic spectrum going from lowest to highest frequency. can be felt as heat infrared waves Just shorter than visible violet light but longer than X-rays. Size of molecules ultraviolet Wavelengths shorter than UV but longer than gamma X-ray Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies and energy gamma rays The part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together. Compression Particles pulled apart from each other expansion How high or low a sound is Pitch The greater the every of a wave the louder the sound Loudness Longitudinal Type of wave sound is Transverse Type of wave electromagnetic is the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling transverse wave Anything that has mass and takes up space Matter Positive, nucleus Proton charge and location neutral and nucleus neutron charge and location Negative and outside nucleous Electron charge and location electrons in the outermost energy level valence electrons A pure substance made of only one kind of atom Element the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom atomic number A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds Compound the attractive forces that hold atoms together chemical bonds Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen organic compound A material that is composed of only one type of element or compound pure substance Combination of two or more pure substances Mixture Any substance that has a definite composition Chemical visible to the naked eye macroscopic A group of atoms bonded together Molecule a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties physical change A change in the chemical composition that produces one or more new substances chemical change When a chemical change occurs, atoms are rearranged and chemical bonds are broken or formed. chemical reaction a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. Reactants produced by an excess or shortage of electrons net electric charge An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge. Ion Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another ionic bond oppositely charged ions, usually a metal and a nonmetal An ionic bond is the attraction between A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule covalent bond a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them metallic bond A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table Period Vertical column in the periodic table Group Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table; also called a group. They react in a similar way. Family Metals, nonmetals and metalloids Categories of Elements Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat. Tend to lose electrons. Metals Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current. Have electrons that are very tightly associated with the nucleus. Nonmetals Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Semiconductors. Metalloids Measure of kinetic energy in an object. Tempature The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance thermal energy The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas Evaporation How spread out the water is The rate of evaporation depends partly on ___ The change of state from a gas to a liquid Condensation The change in state from a solid to a liquid Melting The change of state from a liquid to a solid Freezing The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid melting point Absorbed Thermal energy is _____ to change to a solid to a liquid to a gas Released Thermal energy is ______ when changing from a gas to a liquid to a solid Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic Three types of rocks Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere Five layers of the atmosphere The process by which two or more small nuclei fuse to make a bigger nucleus nuclear fusion A ball of hot gas, primarily hydrogen and helium, that undergoes nuclear fusion. It's held together by its own gravity. Star A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity galaxy The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space Orbit sun, planets, and all the other objects that revolve around a star (the sun) solar system A large body in space that orbits a star and does not produce light of its own Planet a small rocky body orbiting the sun Asteroids the planets closest to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Dense and rocky inner planets The planets farthest from the sun; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Made primarily of gases. Much larger but less dense. outer planets [Show Less]
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WGU C165 Exam Questions with Complete Solutions Physical Sciences
Physics The study of forces, energy, motion Chemistry The study of atoms and molecules, their structures, and their interactions to form substance... [Show More] s Earth science The study of the Earth's structure and composition, and processes that change Earth essential attributes of science Studies the natural world Uses testable ideas Relies on data from observations/experiments Presented for evaluation by other scientists Leads to further questions/research variables The changing quantities in an experiment independent variable What you change in an experiment on purpose dependent variable The variable that changes because of an independent variable control variable The variable(s) you don't want to study, need to be either eliminated or kept constant observational study When systems are observed as they appear in nature, researchers do not attempt to change them physical model A model of a physical phenomenon, such as a planetary system conceptual model A model used to visualize things that cannot be seen, such as atoms mathematical model A model that treats physical objects/phenomena using mathematical methods computer model A detailed, complex model calculated by a computer principle of falsification Principle that only falsifiable statements can be subject to scientific inquiry hypothesis A testable statement about how something in nature works law A concise statement that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments, describes a widespread pattern in nature (what) theory A statement that explains a wide range of observations, supported by a large body of scientific evidence (how/why) meter Base unit of length kilogram Base unit of mass second Base unit of time kelvin Base unit of temperature Derived units What is produced when the base units/quantities are combined Speed The name for the distance traveled divided by an interval of time Volume Term for the amount of space an object occupies Liquid displacement Method of determining the volume of an object by measuring the amount of liquid it displaces direct relationship A relationship between two variables where increasing one increases the other, and vice versa inverse relationship A relationship between two variables where increasing one decreases the other, and vice versa Velocity A combination of speed and direction Acceleration Term for any change in an object's speed and/or direction Force Term for a push or a pull with direction and magnitude. You may not feel it. Net force The sum of all forces acting on an object balanced forces Term for forces that combine to produce a net force of 0 Newton's first law An object in motion remains in motion unless acted on by a net force inertia The tenancy to keep the same motion/velocity or remain at rest. Newton's first law Newton's second law Net force = mass x acceleration (F = ma) Newton's third law When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force of the same magnitude in the opposite direction on the first object ("For every action, an equal and opposite reaction") friction The force that opposes the motion of an object on which it acts Kinetic friction Friction between two objects moving against each other Static friction Friction between two objects touching but not moving against each other Fluid resistance Friction when an object moves through a gas or liquid Gravity Attractive force between objects directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance Linear momentum Name for the mass of an object times its velocity Law of conservation of momentum Term for the fact that momentum is conserved when two or more objects collide elasticity The amount of bounce an object has after a collision Elastic collision A collision in which the total kinetic energy is conserved Inelastic collision A collision in which the total kinetic energy is not conserved Work Term for the displacement of an object in the direction of an applied force by using/converting energy Energy The capacity to do work or cause change Kinetic energy The energy objects have because they are moving. Increases with mass and velocity potential energy Energy that is stored Formula for work work = force x displacement gravitational potential energy Energy an object has due to its height above the ground. Increases with mass and height. chemical potential energy Energy that is stored in the chemical bonds in a substance elastic potential energy Energy stored in stretched springs, rubber bands, etc. electromagnetic energy Energy carried by electromagnetic waves. Light energy. thermal energy Energy from the motion of atoms and molecules. Depends on mass and temperature Law of conservation of energy Term for the fact that energy cannot be created/destroyed, only transferred/converted oscillation A repetitive motion that occurs around a center point or equilibrium equilibrium A position or state to which an oscillating object eventually returns to wave A repeating and periodic disturbance (oscillation) that travels from one point to another, transferring energy mechanical waves Type of waves that require a medium (air, water, etc.) to travel through, cannot travel through a vaccuum transverse wave Wave where the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling longitudinal wave Wave where the oscillation occurs along the direction the wave is traveling electromagnetic waves Waves with both an electric and magnetic component. Can only be transverse waves and can travel through a vaccuum compression Region of longitudinal wave where particles are close together expansion Region of longitudinal wave where particles are far apart (aka rarefaction) crest The highest point in a wave above equilibrium trough The lowest point in a wave under equilibrium amplitude The distance between a wave's equilibrium and crest/trough in a transverse wave, or how compressed/expanded the medium becomes in a longitudinal wave wavelength The horizontal distance after which the wave repeats period The amount of time needed for one full oscillation/one wave to pass frequency Number of wave oscillations in a given period of time sound wave A disturbance we can hear that moves through a medium away from the source Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass Atom The basic building block of matter valence electrons The electrons in the outer most shell of an atom Element A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, defined by its proton count atomic number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Chemical Any substance that has a definite, fixed composition Compound a chemical combination of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio chemical bonds the attractive forces that hold atoms together organic compound Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen Inorganic compounds Compounds that are not organic compounds pure substance A chemical containing only one type of element or compound Mixture A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined and not present in a specific, fixed ratio heterogeneous mixture A mixture in which pure substances are unevenly distributed throughout the mixture homogeneous mixture A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture macroscopic properties The properties observed when a large number of particles interact microscopic properties Properties at the small scale, such as properties of atoms and molecules Troposphere The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere where weather occurs Stratosphere the layer above the troposphere; the ozone layer is found in this layer, planes fly here ozone layer Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation. Mesosphere The layer of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere, where meteors burn up Thermosphere The atmospheric layer above the mesosphere where auroras occur, ISS orbits here Exosphere The outer layer of the atmosphere physical change When matter changes in appearance without changing in chemical composition chemical change When matter changes in chemical composition chemical reaction When chemical bonds are formed/broken in a chemical change Reactants The substances present before a chemical reaction begins Products The substances formed during a chemical reaction Ion An atom with a net electric charge (i.e., not neutral) ionic bond Chemical bond formed between a positively charged atom and a negatively charged atom, where a valence electron is given from one to the other ionic compound Compounds formed via ionic bonds, usually a combination of a metal and one or more non-metals covalent bond Bond formed between atoms that share valence electrons metallic bond Bond formed between atoms of metals using an electron sea where valence electrons move about freely period Name for a row in the periodic table group Name for a column in the periodic table family Name for elements in the same group of the periodic table that have the same number of valence electrons metals Term for elements that tend to lose electrons malleability The ability to be shaped by pounding without breaking apart ductility The ability to be stretched into wire nonmetals Term for elements with electrons very tightly associated with the nucleus metalloids Term for elements that are shiny like metal but have intermediate electrical conductivity (i.e. semiconductors) law of conservation of matter Term for the fact that matter cannot be created/destroyed, but can be converted between forms through physical or chemical changes coefficient Number used to indicate the ratio of chemicals in a reaction, written before chemical formula Temperature Term for the measure of the average kinetic energy per particle Thermal energy Term for the total energy in the particles of an object nebula A cloud of gasses and particles nuclear fusion Process where hydrogen and other nuclei fuse together into larger nuclei star Celestial body that held together by its own gravity that releases light and other forms of radiant energy generated by nuclear fusion galaxy A collection of hundreds of billions of stars that are clustered together by gravity asteroids Very small, rocky bodies that orbit the sun moon A naturally formed object that orbits a planet comets Relatively small, icy, dusty bodies that travel around the sun in very elliptical orbits crust Thin, outermost rocky shell at the surface of the earth mantle Thickest layer of the Earth made of hot, solid rock, 84% of volume of the planet outer core Outer half of the Earth's core. Made of mostly molten iron inner core Inner half of the Earth's core. Made of solid nickel-iron weathering The alteration or breakdown of rock or soil physical weathering Weathering resulting from mechanical processes chemical weathering Weathering resulting from chemical processes erosion The mechanism responsible for the transportation or removal of material glacier A slowly moving mass of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow that flows slowly over time deposition The process in which soil, sediment, or rocks are added to a landform meanders Curves in a river formed by eroding the outer bank and depositing sediment on the inner bank mineral A naturally occurring, solid inorganic element/compound formed by natural processes, with a limited range of possible chemical composition and a definite arrangement of atoms sedimentary rocks Rocks made up of weathered particles (sand, silt, clay, gravel, cobbles, or even boulders) that have been cemented together into hard rock igneous rocks Rocks formed by lava or magma metamorphic rocks Rocks formed through heat and pressure which causes their minerals to change rock cycle Name for the various processes that change rocks from one form to another Precambrian Era Era consisting of Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons 4 eons Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic Paleozoic era Era consisting of greatest diversification of life on earth Mesozoic era Era when the dinosaurs thrived Cenozoic era Current era, the age of mammals principle of superposition Principle stating in undeformed sedimentary rocks, each bed is younger than the one below it principle of crosscutting relationships If a rock, fault, or other feature cuts through a rock layer, that rock layer must have been pre-existing in order to have been cut through. Determines relative ages of different rocks unconformity A buried erosional surface, suggesting a lack of information convergent boundary A tectonic plate boundary where the plates push into each other, causing large quakes divergent boundary A tectonic plate boundary where the plates are separating, with volcanoes and few, weak quakes [Show Less]
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WGU C165 Questions with Correct Answers 100%
A mathematical model is used to predict the trajectory of a bullet fired from a gun. Which discipline of physical science is used to develop this model?... [Show More] Physics An environmental scientist monitors pollutants in a lake. Which two disciplines of physical science does this scientist use? Choose 2 answers 1. Chemistry 2. Earth science Which study involves both Earth science and physics? Calculating how much energy is associated with a hurricane Which question could be answered with a controlled experiment? Does ice melt faster in an empty glass or in a glass full of water? Which topic would be appropriate for a controlled experiment? Determining how fast different chemical pollutants dissolve in water Which question requires a controlled experiment to answer? Which elements are found in Earth's atmosphere? Sir Isaac Newton discovered that the force of gravity between two masses increases if the masses increase, and decreases if the distance between the masses increases. No experiments have ever contradicted this relationship. Which type of scientific statement is this? Law The well-accepted scientific explanation for many characteristics of Earth's crust states that the crust is broken into several large plates. These plates move slowly over the mantle below because of convection and other processes. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most common at places where the plates interact. Evidence from physics, chemistry, and geology supports this explanation. Which type of scientific idea is this explanation an example of? Theory A student proposes that sugar will dissolve faster in rubbing alcohol than in water. The student reasons that sugar and rubbing alcohol both contain carbon so they will mix more easily. Which type of scientific idea is the student's proposal an example of? Hypothesis Why was the shrinking Earth idea replaced by the theory of plate tectonics? Plate tectonics explained observations about Earth that the shrinking Earth idea could not explain. Astronomers have long accepted that plate tectonics exists nowhere in our solar system except on Earth. In 2011, a scientist analyzed 100 NASA-space-mission photographs of Valles Marineris on Mars, the longest known series of canyons in the solar system. The scientist found that Valles Marineris showed features found only in locations on Earth where major tectonic plates divide. What would be the appropriate response of scientists to this information? Carry out further research to gain more understanding of possible plate tectonics on Mars According to the theory of plate tectonics, volcanoes are especially likely to form along plate boundaries because of rising magma. New satellite data mapping the ocean floor reveals thousands of seamounts, which are small volcanoes. Some of the seamounts are in lines that could correspond to past or present plate boundaries, but many are not aligned in this way. How should scientists appropriately respond to the idea that some new mechanism of forming the volcanoes is involved? Carry out more research to understand better how the seamounts form For many decades, scientists thought they understood how ozone breaks down in the stratosphere, creating ozone holes. However, new data show significantly lower reaction rates than can be explained by the long-held model. What is the appropriate scientific approach for dealing with this contradiction? Conduct additional experiments to confirm the new data For almost 1500 years most scientists in Europe accepted Ptolemy's geocentric planetary model that suggested the sun revolved around Earth. By the eighteenth century, most scientists supported a heliocentric model that suggests that Earth revolves around the sun. What is an appropriate scientific basis for this change in view? The existing theory was changed to account for new data A woman does pushups by lowering her body to the floor using her arms and then pressing against the floor with her hands to push herself back up. A woman is in a typical prone, plank position doing a push-up. She is looking at the floor. Her toes are contacting the floor with her feet perpendicular to the floor. Her hands are flat on the floor with wrists bent so that her forearms are perpendicular to the floor and elbows bent so that her upper arms are parallel to the floor. Which force causes her to rise? The upward force that the ground exerts on the woman Two boxes sitting on the floor look identical, but one has more mass than the other. What happens when the same net force, sufficient to overcome static friction, is applied to each box? The box with less mass accelerates more Two identical train engines are parked on parallel tracks. One engine has ten cars attached, and the other has no cars attached. Each engine exerts the same net force, which allows the train to overcome static friction. Which engine will be able to accelerate more? The engine not pulling any cars will accelerate more A woman applies an upward force to a basket filled with groceries. Assume she is standing still. What will happen to the basket if the force she applies is greater than the force of gravity? The basket will move up A heavy truck and a light car travel at the same velocity side-by-side on the highway. Both drivers apply the same braking force at the same moment. What will happen to the two vehicles? The car will slow down more quickly than the truck Which force causes graphite from the tip of a pencil to transfer to the paper? Friction Which force keeps Jupiter in orbit around the Sun? Gravity Which force causes a jet airplane to stop on a runway? Friction Which force causes meteors to burn up when they enter Earth's atmosphere? Friction A slingshot is a Y-shaped stick with rubber bands between the prongs for shooting stones and other small projectiles. A stone is shot by first placing it in the slingshot holder, which is attached to the rubber bands. The stone and holder are then pulled back, stretching the rubber bands. When released, the stone is propelled forward and leaves the slingshot at a high speed. Which type of energy transformation occurs from the point when the rubber bands are fully stretched to when the stone leaves the slingshot? Elastic potential energy is converted into kinetic energy Which type of energy conversion occurs at the moment fireworks explode? Chemical potential energy is converted into kinetic energy What energy conversion takes place as a box slides to a stop on a horizontal table? Kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy What energy conversion occurs in a car's engine? Chemical potential energy is converted into thermal energy Which kind of electromagnetic radiation carries information to and from a cell phone when it is used for a phone call? Microwaves A cashier who has been handed a hundred-dollar bill may check its authenticity by holding it under a special lamp that emits electromagnetic radiation mostly at wavelengths slightly shorter than visible light. The electromagnetic radiation makes a pattern of previously invisible markings on the bill glow brightly, or fluoresce. Which kind of electromagnetic radiation does the lamp emit to produce this effect? Ultraviolet radiation After natural disasters, first responders can locate survivors in the rubble by using thermal detectors. Because the victims' bodies are warmer than their surroundings, the difference in temperature is detected by electromagnetic waves. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is being detected? Infrared radiation Airport security uses electromagnetic radiation to form images of objects inside passenger luggage. Which type of electromagnetic radiation is used in this way? X-rays Which type of wave has a longitudinal motion? Sound waves Which is a characteristic of electromagnetic waves? Transverse wave motion Which subatomic particle is located outside the nucleus? Electron What charge does a neutron have? No charge A chocolate chip cookie is made with dough and chocolate chips. Which type of substance is a chocolate chip cookie? Mixture Which example describes a compound? A substance with sodium atoms bonded to chlorine atoms In which state of matter are particles close together, but able to slide past one another? Liquid Which change of state does the image show? Solid to liquid Which action demonstrates a chemical change? Cooking an egg Which type of bond is formed when valence electrons are shared between two atoms? Covalent Which properties will elements in group 2 share, based on location in the periodic table? Choose 2 answers 1. Good thermal conductivity 2. Good electrical conductivity Consider the location of sodium (Na) on the periodic table. Which element has chemical properties that are similar to sodium's? Potassium (K) A beaker contains 500 g of liquid water. An ice cube with a mass of 5 g is added to the water in the beaker. How many grams of liquid water are in the beaker when the ice has melted? 505 g A chemist places 250 grams of liquid water into a beaker. The volume of the liquid water is 250 milliliters. The chemist then freezes the water. After it is frozen, the ice has a volume of 273 milliliters. What is the mass of the ice? 250 grams When baking soda is added to vinegar, a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction produces carbon dioxide gas, and a liquid solution consisting mostly of water and a salt called sodium acetate. How is mass affected in this reaction, according to the law of conservation of matter? The total mass of baking soda and vinegar must equal the total mass of carbon dioxide and the liquid solution In which phase change is energy being absorbed from the surroundings? Water boiling on an electric burner What happens when wet clothes dry outside on a warm day? The water in the clothes absorbs energy from the air and becomes a gas Earth formed from dust and gases surrounding the sun. Which force pulled the dust and gases together to form Earth? Gravitational A galaxy consists of many stars in the same large region of space. Which phenomenon leads stars to group together to form a galaxy? Gravity between stars Which season is it in Japan and in Australia when Earth is in the position shown in the diagram? Winter in Japan and summer in Australia What is true during summer in the northern hemisphere? The northern hemisphere receives more direct sunlight than in the winter Which position on the diagram represents Earth's location in its orbit during winter at a weather station near Earth's south pole? A A geologist is doing a risk assessment for a location where the African plate is moving away from the South American plate. Which risk description must the geologist give for this location? There is high risk of volcanoes and low risk of large earthquakes A utility company is considering building a power plant at a location on the Eurasian plate far from any plate boundaries. Which types of risk are present in this location? Low risk of both volcanoes and earthquakes The map shows some of Earth's tectonic plates with the directions of plate motion indicated by arrows. Four locations are marked. Location A is in central region of the Australian continent. Location B is in the Pacific Ocean near Japan at a convergent plate boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate. Location C is in the south Pacific Ocean on a divergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Antarctic Plate. Location D is in Nepal on a convergent plate boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate. Which statement accurately describes these locations? Volcanoes are more likely at location C than at location A A river flows across a region. As the river flows, it erodes the rock beneath it. Which type of landform will develop if the river continues to flow along a straight path? Valley Which landform is produced when sediment is eroded from one side of a river and deposited on the other side? Meander Alternative Description: The rock cycle is represented as a circular flowchart consisting of several arrows pointing to and from different points on the flowchart. From point A, an arrow labeled "melting and cooling" goes to point B. Along the middle of this arrow lies point D. Also from point A, an arrow labeled "heat and pressure" goes to point C. From point B, an arrow labeled "erosion and deposition" goes to point A. Also from point B, an arrow labeled "heat and pressure" goes to point C. From point C, an arrow labeled "erosion and deposition" goes to point A. Also from point C, an arrow labeled "melting and cooling" goes to point B. Slate is a common metamorphic rock that can be used for construction. Where in the rock cycle diagram should slate be placed? Point C Alternative Description: The rock cycle is represented as a circular flowchart consisting of several arrows pointing to and from the labels of "sedimentary rock," "metamorphic rock," and "igneous rock" on the flowchart. The arrows on the flowchart are as follows: An unlabeled arrow points from igneous rock to sedimentary rock. An arrow, labeled as A, points from metamorphic rock to sedimentary rock. An unlabeled arrow points from metamorphic rock to igneous rock. An unlabeled arrow points from sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock. An unlabeled arrow points from sedimentary rock to igneous rock. The final unlabeled arrow points from igneous rock to metamorphic rock. A student makes the diagram of the rock cycle that is shown here. Which description should the student place on arrow A? Erosion and deposition The rock layers shown in the illustration have not been disturbed or overturned. Four layers of rock. From top to bottom they are Limestone (Sedimentary), Shale (Sedimentary), Sandstone (Sedimentary), and Granite (Igneous). Which type of environment was present in this region most recently, based on these rock layers? A warm, shallow sea The rock layers shown in the illustration have not been disturbed or overturned. Four layers of rock. From top to bottom they are Limestone (Sedimentary), Shale (Sedimentary), Sandstone (Sedimentary), and Marble (Metamorphic). What can be inferred about the geologic history of this area from these rock layers? It was exposed to high heat and pressure, and then experienced deposition Through which layer of the atmosphere does a mountaineer climbing a tall mountain ascend? Troposphere A meteorologist is studying the formation of a hurricane. Which layer of the atmosphere is the meteorologist studying? Troposphere During heavy rains, the soil on a farm is washed away into a nearby river. Which parts of the water cycle result in this loss of soil? Choose 2 answers 1. Precipitation 2. Runoff Snow falls from the atmosphere and accumulates on a glacier. Which part of the water cycle does this process represent? Precipitation A gardener is working in a garden on a hot, humid day. Suddenly, clouds begin to form. Within a few hours, gusty winds and a thunderstorm are passing through the area. After the storms pass, the weather is clear and much cooler. What caused this change in weather? A cold front moved through the area A hiker needs to select a day for a hike. The hiker examines weather forecasts for the next several days. Which day should the hike be planned for, if the hiker wants to hike on a clear day with no clouds? A day when a high pressure system rests over the area Which of these is an example of climate change caused by natural variation? The low rainfall that helped produce the dust bowl in the American Great Plains What is an example of climate change that can be caused by human activity? Changes in average temperature from increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide [Show Less]
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WGU C165 Questions And Answers Correct 100% Unit 4 {Chemistry}
Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Atom Smallest particle of an element Proton A subatomic particle that has a positive char... [Show More] ge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom Neutron A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom Electron A subatomic particle that has a negative charge nucleus Center of an atom Electron Cloud a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found Valence Electrons electrons in the outermost shell Element pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom Atomic Number the number of protons in an atom Atomic Symbol A one or two letter abbreviation for an element Compound A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds Chemical Bonds An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. Molecules Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds Chemical any substance that has a definite composition organic compounds carbon-based molecules Pure Substance A substance made of only one kind of matter and having definite properties. Mixture material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined Heterogeneous Mixture A mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily Homogeneous Mixture A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture Alloy A mixture of two or more metals Solid A state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume Liquid A state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape. Gas A state of matter with no definite shape or volume Physical change a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties Chemical Change A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties. Chemical Reaction the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances Ion An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge. Ionic Bonds Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Covalent Bonds Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms. Metallic Bonds a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them Periodic Table A table that shows the elements, their atomic number, symbol, and average atomic mass; elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together. Group Vertical column in the periodic table Period A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table metals Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat. Nonmetals Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current Metalloids Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Conductive ... malleable any metal that can be rolled or pounded into flat sheets Ductile capable of being shaped or bent or drawn out Law of Conservation of Matter matter cannot be created or destroyed Chemical Equations A representation of a chemical reaction using symbols of the elements to indicate the amount of substance of each reactant and product. balanced chemical equation chemical equation with the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation Coefficients The numbers in front of the chemical formulas thar indicates how many molecules take part in that reaction. Subscripts A number in a chemical formula that tells the number of atoms in a molecule or the ratio of elements in a compound Reactant A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction Product A substance produced in a chemical reaction Melting The change in state from a solid to a liquid Freezing The change of state from a liquid to a solid Condensation The change of state from a gas to a liquid Evaporation The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas Deposition Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations. Sublimation A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid [Show Less]
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