Conditional statements (if then statement) are analogous to promises, and therefore a conditional statements are not arguments.
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A is a
... [Show More] ________________ condition for B, means " without A, B wouldn't be true."
A is a _______________ condition for B means "if A is a sufficient for B means if A is true, then B would have to be true as well"
necessary, sufficient
Example: If John is a bachelor, then John is unmarried. this is an example of necessary or sufficient condition?
necessary condition for it's being true that John is a bachelor
The consequent - "John is unmarried" - expresses a
necessary condition for its being true that John is a bachelor; if it was false, then he could not possibly be a bachelor
But being unmarried is not sufficient for being a bachelor. One must also be
male
Sufficient - we've got all of the essential parts
Necessary - 1 essential part, one ingredient but you might be missing a few other essential parts
Here's an example of a "Denying the antecedent" invalid conditional argument;
"If the shape is a square , then it has four sides. This shape is not a square" - so sufficient not necessary for being a square.
If the shape has four sides, then the shape is a square
the shape has four sides
Therefore it must be a square
Affirming the antecedent, the
Drawing a flow chart for an argument is called
Diagramming
**** for the exam, there will be no extraneous points in the passage for you to cross out. Every statement will either be a premise or conclusion or sub-conclusion.
*what's on top of the arrow (which ALWAYS POINT DOWN) is evidence for the conclusion at the bottom
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HOW TO CONSTRUCT A DIAGRAM FOR AN ARGUMENT
When you are diagramming arguments, it's a good idea to follow the same series of steps. I recommend the
following 8-Step approach. Try to follow each of these steps when constructing your argument diagrams.
** this will not be tested, so just know it to do the application on the test
Step 1:Mark all the Indicator Words
Step 2:Number all the assertions in the argument
Step 3:Identify the main conclusion of the argument
Step 4:Identify the Premises that Directly Support the Conclusion
Step 5:Decide whether these areDependent or Independent
Premises
Step 6:Draw a diagram for these premises and the main conclusion
Step 7:Determine whether there are any sub-arguments
Step 8:Complete the diagram for the argument
Do exercises 3.9 because it will be on the test. At the very least, number all the points/statements (3/10), and diagramming (7/10 marks). If you get sub-arguments wrong, 5/10
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If you apply these strategies to our argument, you should end up with the
following list of assertions:
(1) Either Bob or Carol or Ted robbed the convenience store last night.
(2) Bob couldn't have done it.
(3) Bob was caring for his sick cat at the time.
(4) Carol couldn't have done it.
(5) Carol was out of town at the time.
(6) The robber must have been Ted
1 2 and 4 are most direct/relevant providing strong evidence to the conclusion(6), so 1+2+4 are jointly supporting the conclusion
3 supports 2, and 5 supports 4 so 3 and 5 are subarguments
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