Hydrocarbons
long chains of carbon with hydrogen surrounding carbons
Amphipathic
having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic
... [Show More] region
Saturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Hydrophobic
-Water fearing
-tail with two fatty acid chains
Hydrophilic
-Attracted to water
-head
Mycelle
single layer of phospholipid
Liposome
-2 layers
-space filled with watery solution that touched the head in inner layer
-tails are protected on inside
fluid mosaic model
model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane (fluid & mosaic)
fluidity
-refers to the viscosity of a lipid bilayer of the membrane that allows it to change shape.
-long=more rigid less fluid
-short=more fluid
mosaic
different types of molecules make up a membrane:
-lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
Transporters
transport molecules across the membrane
carrier proteins
changes shape (conformational change)
channel proteins
"pore"/opening that may be gated
aquaporins
A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane
integral proteins
extend at least partially into the cell membrane
transmembrane proteins
extend all the way across the membrane
peripheral proteins
attach to the surface of the membrane (attach to the head of the phospholipids)
passive transport
-the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
-high to low concentration
osmosis
diffusion of water
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
active transport
-requires energy/input (often ATP)
-low to high conc.
primary active transport
ATP directly fuels transport of a molecule across the membrane
secondary active transport
ATP indirectly fuels transport of a molecule across the membrane & formation of electrochemical gradient
electrochemical gradient
electro: difference in charges across the membrane
chemical: difference in concentration of a molecule across the membrane
antiporter
a transport protein that moves two substances in opposite directions across a membrane
symporter
a transport protein that moves two substances in the same direction across a membrane
macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
endosymbiont theory
explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells
nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
secretory protein synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
creates lipids or fat, calcium storage, detox(liver has lot of smooth ER)
transitional endoplasmic reticulum
products from smooth and rough ER bud off here in vesicles [Show Less]