What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years of age? - correct answer Haemophilus influenzae
How is "giardiasis"
... [Show More] usually transmitted to others? - correct answer Person-to-person transfer of cysts from the feces of the infected individual
Which of the following duties of state and local health agencies is intended to ensure that the public's health and welfare are protected? - correct answer Regulatory responsibilities
Which of the following is a measure of the amount of light scattered by particles suspended in a water test sample? - correct answer Nephelometric Turbidity units
What is an epidemic? - correct answer The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness clearly in excess of expectancy
What portal of entry should a field sanitarian protect to avoid contracting Lyme disease? - correct answer Skin
Swimmer's itch is a common name for which of the following diseases? - correct answer Schistosomiasis
Which of the following factors would LEAST contribute to the emergence of a new infectious disease? - correct answer Heat disinfection
Listeriosis is commonly associated with - correct answer contaminated food
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is caused by infection with - correct answer Escherichia Coli
The basic principles of disease control include all of the following EXCEPT - correct answer Lag phase - disease control has control mode of transmission and susceptibility
Which one of the following phrases MOST accurately describes the term endemic? - correct answer constant presence of an illness
The interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first symptom is called the: - correct answer incubation period
An establishment known to have imminent health hazards is not closed by the inspecting regulatory authority. This example BEST fits the definition of a: - correct answer nonfeasance
Vehicleborne, vectorborne, or airborne are all examples of: - correct answer indirect mode of transmission
Equal protection - correct answer Requires states to guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protection to all citizens
Due process - correct answer the necessary procedural requirements that government agencies must follow in order to take action against parties in violation of applicable laws
law - correct answer A body of enforceable rules governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society.
Statutes - correct answer Written laws made by legislatures (elected officials of the nation or state
Ordinances - correct answer local laws or laws enacted by local elected officials of the nation or state
Regulations or rules - correct answer laws enacted by regulatory agencies, either national, state, or local.
licence or permit - correct answer gives permission to engage in a legally restricted activity
Litigation - correct answer generally considered a civil action to settle a dispute in a court of law
arbitration - correct answer settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider
Negotiation - correct answer nonbinding settlement discussion between the interested parties
administrative hearings - correct answer formal and informal means to gather information and clarify positions
administrative order or enforcement/abatement order - correct answer a legal document from a state or federal agency directing an individual, business, or agency to correct or stop an activity
embargo - correct answer a legal order prohibiting the removal or use of something
Seizure order - correct answer legal permission to confiscate, retain, and/or dispose of something
Condemnation - correct answer a legal judgement that finds a structure or property too dangerous or unfit for human use
Closed to occupancy - correct answer a responsible person may enter in to make repairs but may not occupy the property or live there
Public Nuisance - correct answer nuisance that affects the community or public at large
Nuisance abatement - correct answer A legal order to stop such hindering and/or annoying activities
Civil law - correct answer individuals or groups acting in a nonpublic capacity in which some form of compensation is sought, and liability, not guilt, is established.
Prohibitory Injunction - correct answer A court order directing a person to refrain from doing something - cease and desist a particular action
mandatory injuction - correct answer an order to take action, such as applying for a permit, changing a procedure, reporting an activity or correcting a violation
Criminal law - correct answer law to prevent harm to society
Complaint or Information - correct answer a written criminal accusation from one or more sworn complainants (REHS) against the defendants.
Arraignment - correct answer a hearing in which a suspect is charged and pleads guilty or not guilty
citation or ticket - correct answer a direct summons, for an observed violation during an inspection
misdemeanors - correct answer criminal violations that are less serious than felonies and generally punishable by fines or imprisionment
felony - correct answer A serious crime
hearsay - correct answer testimony someone gives in court about a statement made by someone else who was not under oath at the time of the statement
burden of proof - correct answer the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim
Expert testimony - correct answer testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
Torts - correct answer injuries to an individual's person, property, or reputation
informed consent - correct answer A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.
Statutes of Limitation - correct answer specific length of time an individual can sue for injury resulting from negligence
search warrant - correct answer A written authorization from a court specifying the area to be searched and what the police are searching for.
administrative or inspection warrants - correct answer warrants that reduce issuance requirements from probable cause to justifiable cause that an inspection is needed - inspector only notes conditions that are present
inspections - correct answer made during business hours; should first identify themselves, show their credentials, and state purpose of their inspection. Conduct in a reasonably non-intrusive and timely manner
the exclusionary rule - correct answer a principle that disallows illegally-obtained evidence to be admitted in court. also stipulates that evidence seized during an administrative inspection cannot be used as evidence in a criminal trial
subpoena - correct answer a legal process to compel access to records and documents. Gives access to existing records but cannot force a person to create additional documents, fill out questionnaires, or answer verbal questions.
Clean Air Act of 1970 - correct answer Established new standards for ambient air quality, set new limits on emissions from stationary and mobile sources to be enforced by both state and federal governments. Pollutants included carbon monoxide, lead, NO2, Ozone, particulates, and sulfur dioxide.
Clean Water Act of 1972 - correct answer The Act that created water quality standards to control pollution, including elimination of point source discharge of pollutants.
maximum contaminant Level (MCL) - correct answer a concentration maximum for a chemical or constituent that may not be exceeded in drinking water regulated under the safe drinking water act.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) - correct answer (1976) controls hazardous waste with a cradle to grave system
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - correct answer a federal agency responsible for regulating food and drug products sold to the public
What are the special 6 criteria pollutants used in monitoring concentrations? - correct answer Carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulates and sulfur dioxide
An employer is held liable for the torts of its employees committed within the scope of their employment. This is referred as: - correct answer repondeat superior
performance of an authorized act in an unauthorized manner is called: - correct answer misfeasance
An action authorized by law to restrict or prevent the movement of goods for the protection of public health, safety and welfare is called - correct answer embargo
What is the agency that regulates food additives? - correct answer food and drug administration
When legal action is being prepared, one of the first steps a sanitarian should take is to: - correct answer keep accurate records
hazard - correct answer any physical, chemical, or biological property that may cause an unacceptable consumer risk
physical hazards - correct answer items that may cause choking or injury if consumed in food - bandages, chips of flaking paint, dust, fingernails, glass from broken light bulbs or drinking glasses, hair, jewelry,
Chemical Hazards - correct answer elements or compounds that may cause illness or injury if consumed in food. can be agricultural chemicals, industrial chemicals and naturally occurring toxins
Common enhancers and preservatives added to food - correct answer nitrites, nitrates, sulfites, and monosodium glutamate
Acidic foods should never be stored in containers made of ____________________. - correct answer lead, copper, brass, zinc, antimony or cadmium because these toxic metals may leach into the food.
allergens - correct answer any non parasitic antigen (protein) capable of evoking a hypersensitive immune response in allergic individuals.
the eight foods responsible for most allergic reactions are: - correct answer milk, soy, egg, wheat, finfish, shellfish, peanuts and tree nuts
bacteria - correct answer single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
All bacteria require some combination of - correct answer FATTOM - food, acidity, time to grow and reproduce, temperature, the presence of Oxygen and available moisture.
spores - correct answer single-celled reproductive bodies highly resistant to cold and heat damage; capable of new organisms - some bacteria can do this
Pathogens - correct answer group of bacteria capable of causing illness in humans if consumed in food.
infection - correct answer direct consumption of a pathogen in sufficient quantities to cause illness.
toxins - correct answer chemical byproducts that either directly harm tissues or evoke an immune system response
intoxication - correct answer consuming a toxin produced in food
toxin-mediated infection - correct answer Illness caused by consuming microorganisms that produce toxins in stomach or intestines, making you sick.
Most common pathogens - correct answer Bacillus cereus; Clostridium botulinum; Staphylococcus aureus; Clostridium perfringens; Bacillus cereus; Escherichia coli; Shigella spp.; Brucella spp.; Campylobacter jejuni; Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp.; Vibrio spp.; Yersinia enterocolitica
fungi - correct answer microorganisms such as yeasts, molds and mushrooms
Viruses - correct answer a cellular infectious agents that lack most characteristics of living things, reproducing only within the living cells of a host organism.
Typically, viruses contaminate food when... - correct answer food handlers improperly wash or fail to wash their hands after using the toliet, sneezing, smoking, nose wiping, etc.
Viruses can exist.. - correct answer for long periods on utensils, food preparation surfaces, and food.
Viruses also thrive.. - correct answer in water that has been polluted with raw sewage.
Ready to eat foods - correct answer Food that can be eaten without further preparation, washing, or cooking.
Some illnesses caused by food borne viruses are - correct answer hepatitis A, viral gastroenteritis, and Norwalk viral agents (noroviruses)
Most food borne illnesses are destroyed by - correct answer thorough cooking
Parasites - correct answer organisms that live on or in a host and cause it harm
Foodborne parasite illnesses are caused from... - correct answer inadequately cooked food or contaminated drinking water.
Common illness-causing parasites include... - correct answer Trichinella spiralis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambia, Anisakis spp., and Cryptosporidium spp.
Trichinella spiralis - correct answer A roundworm causes Trichinosis. Larvae burrow into muscle and form dormant cysts. When animal dies and is eaten, the larvae reproduce in intestines and then burrow into that animal's muscle waiting for it to be eaten. This is why most commercial pork is FROZEN before sale.
Entamoeba histolytica - correct answer amoebic dysentery
Giardia lamblia - correct answer protozoan transmitted from infected food handlers or contaminated water.
Anisakis spp. - correct answer roundworms found in certain species of fish
Potentially Hazardous Foods (PHF) - correct answer any foods that require time and temperature control for safety (TCS)
Time/temperature control for safety food - correct answer foods that require time and or temperature control because they are capable of supporting the rapid and progressive growth of pathogens
What are some examples of Potentially hazardous foods? - correct answer meat and poultry, shellfish and crustaceans, tofu and soy products, milk and milk products, garlic and oil mixtures, cooked rice, beans, pasta and potatoes, sliced melons, raw seed sprouts.
Temperature Danger Zone (TDZ) - correct answer 41°F to 135°F
unserved food that is left over or food prepared in advance to be served later must be reheated so - correct answer that the complete portion reaches an internal temperature of at least 165 degress for 15 seconds.
Holding equipment (steam tables) should never be used to heat or reheat foods because - correct answer they allow potentially hazardous food to remain in the danger zone too long. [Show Less]