PLT - Early Childhood Exam 92 Questions with Answers Latest
Cooperative learning - CORRECT ANSWER method of instruction that has students working
... [Show More] together with a common goal
direct instruction - CORRECT ANSWER teacher based/centered; scripted lesson plans; students know goals; assessment and feedback is frequent; teach content and review learning
discovery learning - CORRECT ANSWER inquiry based instruction; constructivist learning; Piaget, Bruner, Papert; problem-solving situations
interdisciplinary instruction - CORRECT ANSWER cross-curricular unit
concept mapping - CORRECT ANSWER graphic organizer; diagram showing relationships among concepts; arrows to each concept
inquiry method - CORRECT ANSWER student-centered learning method of education focuses on asking questions; teachers should not give a direct answer but rather encourage further questioning
theorists - CORRECT ANSWER Albert Bandura, Jerome Bruner, John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Lve Vygotsky, Howard Gardner, Abraham Maslow, B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura - CORRECT ANSWER social development; social learning theory (children learn new behaviors from observing other people); intrinsic reinforcements (pride, satisfaction, accomplishment) could also lead to learning
Lev Vygotsky - CORRECT ANSWER children learn actively through hands-on experiences; sociocultural theory (parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large were responsible for the development of higher order functions)
B.F. Skinner - CORRECT ANSWER behaviorism; operant conditioning theory (children's behavior can be increased based on the presentation of reinforcers and decreased through punishment); imitation of observational learning increases the chances that children will learn new behaviors (continuation of Bandura's social learning theory)
Jean Piaget - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive-developmental theory (stages of development); reasoning deepens in children as they grow; engagement in the physical and social world enhances development; conceptual change occurs through assimilation and accommodation
Jerome Bruner - CORRECT ANSWER believed that discovery learning will help students think for themselves and discover how knowledge is constructed
John Dewey - CORRECT ANSWER American educator who believed in "learning by doing" that education for life should be a primary goal
Howard Gardner - CORRECT ANSWER theory of multiple intelligences
Abraham Maslow - CORRECT ANSWER humanistic theorist most famous for the development of the hierarchies of needs
constructivism - CORRECT ANSWER learning theory; construct understanding through reflection of experience
Zone of Proximal Development - CORRECT ANSWER the difference between what a child can do with help and what a child can do without any help or guidance
Bloom's Taxonomy - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive learning (intellectual skills), psychomotor learning skill, affective learning (attitude of learning)
metacognition - CORRECT ANSWER can explain his/her own learning processes and talk about strategies used to gain knowledge
schemata - CORRECT ANSWER association of new information with old information
transfer - CORRECT ANSWER applying an old lesson to a new lesson; transform lesson
extrinsic motivation - CORRECT ANSWER reward-type motivations for learning
intrinsic motivation - CORRECT ANSWER reward within; ex. pride, achievement, etc.
readiness - CORRECT ANSWER a context within which a student's more basic needs (sleep, safety, love, etc.) are met and the student is cognitively ready for developmentally appropriate problem-solving and learning
scaffolding - CORRECT ANSWER instructional supports provided to a student by an adult or more capable peer in learning situations; more capable becomes, the less scaffolding needed
Erik Erikson - CORRECT ANSWER "8 stages of human development" based on conflict in life
8 Stages of Human Development - CORRECT ANSWER infancy, toddler, early childhood, elementary/middle, adolescence, young adult, middle adult, late adult
Carol Gilligan - CORRECT ANSWER "stages of ethics of care"; feministic stages of women- pre-conventional (individual; survival), conventional (self-sacrifices; goodness), post conventional (principal or non-violence)
Lawrence Kohlberg - CORRECT ANSWER "Theory of Moral Development"
1. pre-conventional (obedience and punishment)
2. pre-conventional (individualism; not just one right view)
3. conventional (people should live up to moral standard)
4. conventional (law/order- rules of society)
5. post-conventional (social contract)
6. post-conventional (principled conscience- working toward concept of good society)
domains - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive, affective, psychomotor
cognitive domain - CORRECT ANSWER knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, syntheses, evaluation
affective domain - CORRECT ANSWER receiving, responding, valuing, organizations, characterization
psychomotor domain - CORRECT ANSWER perception, set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptations, origination
learning styles - CORRECT ANSWER visual, auditory, tactile
multiple intelligences - CORRECT ANSWER 1. verbal/linguistic
2. intrapersonal
3. interpersonal
4. naturalist
5. music rhythmic
6. bodily/kinesthetic
7. visual/spatial
8. logical/mathematical
verbal/linguistic - CORRECT ANSWER words and language; thinks in words; loves reading, writing, and telling stories; plays word games; learns with language
intrapersonal - CORRECT ANSWER relates to inner states of being, self-relfection, metacognition, and awareness of spiritual realities
interpersonal - CORRECT ANSWER operates primarily through person to person relationships and communication
naturalist - CORRECT ANSWER deals with the recognition appreciation, and understanding of the natural world
music rhythmic - CORRECT ANSWER based on the recognition of tonal patterns, including various environmental sounds, and on a sensitivity to rhythm and beats
bodily/kinesthetic - CORRECT ANSWER related to physical movement and the knowings and wisdom of the body
visual/spatial - CORRECT ANSWER relies on the sense of sight and being able to visualize an object; ability to create internal mental images and pictures
logical mathematical - CORRECT ANSWER "scientific thinking"; inductive reasoning/thinking; numbers and the recognition of abstract patterns
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - CORRECT ANSWER a federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of a person's disability for all services, programs, and activities provided or made available by state and local governments; not dependent on the receipt of federal funds
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) - CORRECT ANSWER a federal statute made up of several grant programs to states in educating students with disabilities; specifically lists types to disabilities and conditions that render a child entitled to special education
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act - CORRECT ANSWER civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities by federally assisted programs or activities; eligibility for protection under this act is not restricted to school-age children; covers individuals from birth to death
differentiated instructed - CORRECT ANSWER a flexible approach to teaching; a teacher plans and implements varied approaches to teaching content, process, and product in an effort to respond to student differences in readiness, interests, and learning needs
alternative assessments - CORRECT ANSWER assessment of student progress through non-traditional testing measures; ex. portfolios, checklists, conferences, etc.
testing modifications - CORRECT ANSWER desirable differentiation of assessment for students who qualify
operant conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER Skinner's theory based on the idea that learning is a function of change and observable behavior; behavior changes in reaction to a reward
demonstrations - CORRECT ANSWER showing a student what to do
mnemonics - CORRECT ANSWER a memory aid device often visual cues or rhyme/songs
field trips - CORRECT ANSWER an excursion that provides students with an opportunity to gain deeper meaning about a concept through a hands on experience
independent study - CORRECT ANSWER a chance for a student to direct his/her own learning without a teacher's guidance
inquiry method - CORRECT ANSWER students explore the world in an effort to help them discover meaning
achievement tests - CORRECT ANSWER a test designed to asses what a person has learned
anecdotal notes/records - CORRECT ANSWER a teacher's written notes on a student's progress
aptitude tests - CORRECT ANSWER a standardized test that measures a student's ability to acquire knowledge
criterion-referenced test - CORRECT ANSWER measures how well the student knew the test content
norm referenced test - CORRECT ANSWER AKA: standardized tests; test a student's performance in relation to another group
analytical scoring - CORRECT ANSWER scoring something based on your analysis of it; using a rubric
grade equivalent score - CORRECT ANSWER demonstrates the grade year and month that correlates to a student's score; ex. 5.1 = first month of 5th grade
holistic scoring - CORRECT ANSWER used a general description of the response to score items
percentile rank - CORRECT ANSWER shows the percentage of students who scored higher or lower than the student
raw score - CORRECT ANSWER the number of correct answers on a test
formative assessment - CORRECT ANSWER designed to provide feedback during instruction to allow the teacher to adjust instruction to address a need
summative assessment - CORRECT ANSWER an assessment given at the end of a lesson to determine or judge effectiveness and student skills
diagnostic assessment - CORRECT ANSWER a test given before instruction to detect instruction to detect the presence or absence of prerequisites skills
simulation - CORRECT ANSWER a method where a teacher creates an immersion setting for the content being studied
project-based learning - CORRECT ANSWER an in-depth look at a topic or problem
discussion - CORRECT ANSWER an instructional technique where students talk about content
cooperative learning - CORRECT ANSWER students working together to solve problems or achieve goals; think-pair-share, jigsaw, etc.
mastery learning - CORRECT ANSWER teacher uses a group-based teacher-centered instructional approach to provide learning conditions for all students to achieve mastery of assigned information
questioning - CORRECT ANSWER 1. knowledge (who, what, where)
2. comprehension (interpret, retell, organize)
3. application (subdividing information and putting it back together)
4. synthesis (infer an idea)
5. evaluation (making a value decision)
**Bloom's Taxonomy
discovery learning - CORRECT ANSWER foster inquiry rather than didactic (lecture) methods for learning (asking questions and hypothesize)
play - CORRECT ANSWER child's work
-stimulates, rewards, observes, explores, models, hypothesizes, discover
behavioral objectives (affective, cognitive, and psychomotor) - CORRECT ANSWER focus observable behaviors and focus on cognitive objectives
state and local curriculum frameworks - CORRECT ANSWER list the broad goals of a school district, state, or school and provide subject-specific outlines of course content, standards, and performance expectations
emergent curriculum - CORRECT ANSWER interests of the children
whole-group discussion - CORRECT ANSWER students work as a class to read, discuss, or solve problems - not to be used all the time
journals - CORRECT ANSWER like authentic assessments; understanding of key concepts or his/her ability to communicate ideas in writing
performance assessments - CORRECT ANSWER student must perform a task or generate his/her own response during assessment
portfolios - CORRECT ANSWER collection of products that reflect progress in a content area
self-evaluations - CORRECT ANSWER what the student feels is her/his area of weakness or strength
mean, median, and mode - CORRECT ANSWER mean = average
median = midpoint
mode = most common
reliability - CORRECT ANSWER extent to which an assessment is consistent with its measures
rubrics - CORRECT ANSWER scoring guide used in objective assignments
scaled score - CORRECT ANSWER based on mathematical transformation of a raw score
standard deviation - CORRECT ANSWER helpful for teachers to see that over all student motivation is very high or very low
stanines - CORRECT ANSWER derived from STANdard NINEs; based on 9-point standard scale with a mean of five
validity - CORRECT ANSWER test is found to be valid if it measures what it was designed to measure
effective verbal and non verbal communication techniques - CORRECT ANSWER - setting clear expectations
- providing clear directions
- break down complex tasks
- signal transitions
- explicit teaching
- highlight key information
- gestures and eye contact
- with-it-ness
- persona space
- noise level [Show Less]