OAE - Early Childhood Education Exam 241 Questions with Answers Latest
Conservation - CORRECT ANSWER the cognitive ability to understand that objects
... [Show More] or substances retain their properties of numbers or amounts even when their appearance, shape, or configuration changes. (relates to number, length, mass, weight, and volume) Ex: an experimenter the same amount of liquid into a short, wide container and a tall thin one
5 - CORRECT ANSWER A child's conservation ability begins around the age of ______
Reversibility - CORRECT ANSWER Why do older kids understand the conservation of pouring the same amount of liquid into a short, wide container and a tall thin one?
preoperational - CORRECT ANSWER What stage of development is this?
2 to about 7 years old
-Uses symbols- words, paintings, drawings, movements- to represent experience and images in their mind; appearances of concrete objects are perceived naively. Doesn't understand conservation of matter.
-Egocentrc
-Draws a picture of a flower in the garden at home. Perceives a tall glass as having more water than shorter, wider glass, even though the child has observed that the same volume of water was poured from the shorter wider glass into the taller glass.
Develop proficiency in inductive logic
animism - CORRECT ANSWER asigning human qualities, feelings, and actions to inanimate objects (common in the preoperational stage). Ex "The sub was angry at me and burned me."
magical thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Attributing cause and effect relationships between own feelings, thoughts, and environmental events where none exists. Ex if a child says "I hate you" to someone and something bad happened to that person, the child is likely to believe that what they said caused the unfortunate event, which is an example of egocentrism.
The Scribble stage - CORRECT ANSWER The first stage in art skill development from 2-4 years where children first make uncontrolled scribbles; then controlled scribbling; then progres to naming their scribbles to indicate what they represent
The preschematic stage - CORRECT ANSWER The second stage of art development from ages 4-6, when children begin to develop a visual schema. Without complete comprehension of dimensions and sizes, children may draw people and houses the same height and use color more emotionally or logically. They may omit or exaggerate facial features or might draw sizes by importance.
the schematic stage - CORRECT ANSWER The third stage of art skill development from 7-9 years old, where drawings more reflect actual physical proportions and colors.
pseudorealistic stage - CORRECT ANSWER The fifth stage of art skill development from 11-13 years. Their art reflects their ability to reason
Dawning Realism - CORRECT ANSWER The fourth stage of art skill development from ages 9-11, when drawings become increasingly representational.
Period of Decision - CORRECT ANSWER The sixth and final stage of art skill development for children 14 and up. Art in this stage reflects the adolescent identity crisis
Viktor Lowenfeld - CORRECT ANSWER Named the six stages in the growth of art. taught art to blind students, He combined stages of art with human development to educate these students, wrote "Creative and Mental Growth (1947)", which was the most influential text in art education in the latter 20th century. He identified adolescent learning styles as haptic, focused on physical sensations and subjective emotional experiences, and as visual, focused on appearance, each demanding corresponding instructional approaches.
1. Helps develop phonemic awareness
2. Induces memories
3. Influences emotional response
4. Kids hear music and voices and sounds before they can even speak
5. Auditory stimulation
6. Promotes language development
7. Develop aesthetic sense/making music - CORRECT ANSWER How is music influential in early childhood education?
Kids must have physical objects to manipulate in order to learn math at a young age because according to Piaget students do not start out thinking abstractly. They use the environment around them to interact with and learn from. Cannot perform early mental operations - CORRECT ANSWER How must kids participate in pre-mathematical experiences and why?
Adults can offer activties encouraging decentration/incorporating multiple aspects, e.g. not only grouping all triangles, but grouping all red triangles separately from blue triangles - CORRECT ANSWER How can adults help children move away from centration?
"What happened why you did this?" What would happen if you did this?" This gets kids thinking about their thinking and actions that occurred previously - CORRECT ANSWER What types of questions can help children learn reversibility and develop their cognitive abilities?
1. Asking children to build block structures and dismantle them one block at a time to reverse the construction.
2. Ask children to retell rhymes or stories backward.
3. Take small groups of children for walks and ask them if they can return by the same route they came. - CORRECT ANSWER What activities can adults do to help children learn reversibility?
Activities to produce and return results, such as
1. Pouring water into different containers
2. Knocking over bowling pins by swinging a pendulum
3. Rolling wheeled toys down ramps
4. Blowing balls through mazes - CORRECT ANSWER What activities can adults do to help children realize causal results? (Children often assume causal results where there are none)
55% - CORRECT ANSWER By age 2 what percent of brain size is developed in children?
6 - CORRECT ANSWER By what age is the brain 90% of its full size?
4-4.5 - CORRECT ANSWER At what age does the majority of brain growth occur?
5-6 - CORRECT ANSWER At what age does brain growth slow?
2 - CORRECT ANSWER At what age do kids have a brain growth spurt?
sizes - CORRECT ANSWER Larger brown size indicates not more neurons, but larger __________
boys - CORRECT ANSWER Who has larger muscles, preschool boys or girls?
Girls - CORRECT ANSWER Who is more mature physically in the preschool stage, girls or boys?
large-muscle, gross-motor abilities such as running, jumping, and climbing - CORRECT ANSWER Preschool boys surpass girls in what?
small-muscle, fine motor abilities like buttoning buttons, using scissors, and activities involvng the manipulaion of small tools, utensils, and objects. - CORRECT ANSWER Preschool girls surpass boys in what?
hopping, balancing on one foot, and skipping. - CORRECT ANSWER While preschool boys exhibit more strength in large-muscle, growth motor actions, preschool girls re more advanced than preschool boys in large-muscle, gross-motor skills that do not demand srength so much as coordination, such as:
similar than different - CORRECT ANSWER Research has discovered the preschool girls' and boys' physical and motor development patterns are generally more _______________
six months - CORRECT ANSWER In normal development, babies have usually established the ability to see, hear, smell, taste, and feel and also the ability to integrate such sensory information by the age of ________ ________
identify accurately the shape and size of an object no matter from what angle they perceive it. - CORRECT ANSWER Young children develop increasing precision in recognizing visual concepts like size and shape. This development allows children to:
preschool - CORRECT ANSWER Children's perception of the sie, shape, ad position of the body and boy parts becomes more accurate by what age?
bilateral - CORRECT ANSWER Increase in ____________ coordination of the body's two sides enhance preschoolers' motor sklls.
motor skills development - CORRECT ANSWER Entails both learninging new movements and gradually integrating previously learned movements into smooth, continuous patterns, as in learning to throw a ball with skill.
fine-motor control - CORRECT ANSWER Eye coordination involves _____________________
visual feedback - CORRECT ANSWER seeing whether they are making things owhere and do what they want them to in learning to manipulate small objects with their hands and fingers.
nature and nurture - CORRECT ANSWER Normal body and brain growth, as well as psychological development, depend upon the collaboration of __________ and _________.
failure to thrive syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER When children nare abused or neglected for long periods of time, they stop growing. The social environments of childrem create psychological stress. This stress makesthe child's pituitary gland stop releasing growth hormones, and growth ceases. This is known as: ________________. When such environmental stress is relieved and these children are given proper care, stimulation, and affection, they begin growing again and can grow rapidly enough to catch up on the growth they missed earlier.
healthy - CORRECT ANSWER For the body, brain, and nervous system to grow and develop normally, children must live in healthy environments.
They use shorter eye movements overall and focus on small parts of the picture near the center or an edge - CORRECT ANSWER How do preschoolers different from adults when viewing pictures?
tadpole person - CORRECT ANSWER A 3-year-old's drawing of a human with no body, alarge head, and stick limbs is called a ___________ ______________.
3 or 4 - CORRECT ANSWER A child transitions from scribbles to tadpole drawings around the ages of:
Summit of artistry - CORRECT ANSWER Characterized by Howard Gardner; children's drawings are characteristically colorful, balanced, rhythmic, and expressive.
high - CORRECT ANSWER Due to the abundant encouragement they receive, preschoolers generally have a ___________ self-esteem.
self-efficacy (or achievement-related attribution) - CORRECT ANSWER Self-esteem related specifically to one's ability to perform a given task.
easy, difficult, and slow to warm up - CORRECT ANSWER Name the 3 types of temperaments for infants.
easy - CORRECT ANSWER The majority of infants are ___________ babies.
concrete - CORRECT ANSWER Young children's self concepts are founded on observable, readily defined, mainly ____________ factors.
learning style - CORRECT ANSWER What is the one aspect of learning that varies?
temperament - CORRECT ANSWER One major internal influence on self-concept is a child's basic _____________________
easy - CORRECT ANSWER Children with _____________ temperaments are better prepared for coping with challenges and frustration. They do not give up as easily when attempting new tasks and they are persistent.
difficult - CORRECT ANSWER Children with more ________________ temperaments become frustrated more easily after fewer attempts and give up trying in discouragement or require extra help to perform new or challenging tasks. This affecs their self-efficacy because they are more likely to doubt their ability to perform a specific proposed task
locus of control - CORRECT ANSWER The place (locus) where we attribute causes for outcomes we experience, either externally or internally.
external locus of control - CORRECT ANSWER Something outside of us - amother person and/or his/her actions; an environmental event; or an unknown but exterior influence, like good/bad luck or ramdom chance.
internal locus of comtrol - CORRECT ANSWER something inside of us - our native ability, our motivation, or our effort. Example: blaming another for failing or attributing successes externally ("Johnny showed me how")
psychosexual - CORRECT ANSWER Freud's oreintation toward personality development was _____________
erotic energy - CORRECT ANSWER Freud believed the most important factors of personality development were the focus of ________ __________.
tactile and kinesthetic - CORRECT ANSWER What are the two main learning styles?
oral stage - CORRECT ANSWER This stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital - CORRECT ANSWER Name the 5 stages of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development
oral - CORRECT ANSWER Which stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development is this?
0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing; if nursing is not met, oral fixation results
anal - CORRECT ANSWER Which stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development is this?
(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control; toilet training.
If parental control is ignored the kid becomes very tidy and anal about cleanliness
If child expels feces they become sloppy and defiant. There is a power struggle between the parent and the child.
phallic - CORRECT ANSWER Which stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development is this?
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelingsSays young boys desire their mothers and feel resentment towards their fathers. They handle emotions with identification with the regressor (4-5) to be more like daddy
Fixation leads to confusion/weak sexual identity
latency - CORRECT ANSWER Which stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development is this?
(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings. Children repress sexual feelings to develop cognitive and social skills in school
genital - CORRECT ANSWER From puberty, children are in this stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development, when sexuality reemerges with physical maturation and adolescents are occupied with developing intimate relationships with others.
regression, projection, and denial - CORRECT ANSWER Name three ego defense mechanisms
regression - CORRECT ANSWER moving from normal age-appropriate behaviors to infantile ones in a bid for similar attention from a parent is known as ____________
projection - CORRECT ANSWER When a child feels threatened by experiencing inner aggressive impulses, such as hating aother person, they may place these feelings on another person, accusing them ofhating them.
denial - CORRECT ANSWER A child's inability to accept feelings riggerd by losing a loved one through divorce or death
Id, Ego, and Superego - CORRECT ANSWER What are the 3 structures that govern personality according to Freud?
id - CORRECT ANSWER known as the "pleasure principle"; represents the source of our powerful, instinctive urges, such as sexual and aggressive urges
ego - CORRECT ANSWER known as the "reality principle"; represents our sense of self within reality. It is necessary for telling us what will happen if we act on the Id's impulses and knowing how to control them to protect ourselves.
Superego - CORRECT ANSWER Known as "the conscience"; represents our sense of morality. It is necessary when Ego protects ourselves but not others, so we also control our social interactions to be ethical and nonharmful to others.
Oedipal conflict - CORRECT ANSWER Conflict that occurs when a boy unconsciously desires his mother, competing for her affectio with his father,which equals aggression toward the father, and fears retaliation by the father through castration. He resolves these unacceptable impulses by "identifying with the aggressor", wanting to be like his father.
nuclear - CORRECT ANSWER Each of Erikson's 9 stages focus on what kind of conflict to resolve?
Basic Trust v. Mistrust - CORRECT ANSWER Birth - 8 months (1st stage of Erikson's theory)
If basic needs are being met then the child develops trust
Positive outcomes = hope and drive
Negative outcomes = withdrawal and sensory distortion
If need aren't met = the infant develops basic mistrust, with a sense of insecurity, worthlessness, and pessimism.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Self-Doubt - CORRECT ANSWER 18 months - 3 years (2nd second of Erikson's theory)
Muscular control
Moral senses
Sense of autonomy = being able to do tasks realistic for them (fail, try again, master)
Positive outcomes: will/willpower and self control
Negative outcomes: impulsivity and compulsion
Bad parenting or over the top parents (either extreme) result in shame and self doubt
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they question their abilities
Initiative vs. Guilt - CORRECT ANSWER Preschoolers (3rd stage of Erikson's theory)
Attempt to not only control their bodies but their environment as well
This is the "play age"
Positive outcome: purpose/direction
Negative outcome: Excessive inhibition to take action or inconsiderate behavior
Adult disapproval for exerting too much control makes kids feel guilt
Adults should encourage and support play
Industry v. Inferiority - CORRECT ANSWER End of early childhood
5-6 to puberty
begin formal schooling and focus on learning academics and social skills
Focus on achievements and accomplishments**
Friends, neighbors, schools, and teachers are the most important relationships
Children's successful resolutions bring positive outcomes of competence and method
Negative outcomes are the narrowness of abilities and inertia (lack of action)
Children feeling unequal to new tasks develop a sense of inferiority to peers
Need adults to have supportive language and response
differentiation and affiliation - CORRECT ANSWER According to Freud, gender identity develops through processes of _______________ and ________________.
electra conflict - CORRECT ANSWER Girls resolve desires for fathers by identifying with mothers and adopting their characteristics
social learning theory - CORRECT ANSWER The theory that maintains that children learn through a process of observing other people's behavior, observing certain behaviors of others that are rewarded, and then imitating those behaviors to obtain similar rewards is known as:
behaviorism - CORRECT ANSWER The concept of rewards reinforcing behaviors, i.e. increasing the probability of repeating them, comes from ______________ or learning theory.
consequences - CORRECT ANSWER Both behaviorist and social learning theories view gender identity development as being environmentally shaped by __________________.
Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory of Moral Development - CORRECT ANSWER Children actively construct knowledge of gender in same way they construct other knowledge about the worldThey put gender into a schema/category(moral development)
2 - CORRECT ANSWER At what age do children develop their sense of gender identity
preoperational stage - CORRECT ANSWER Piaget's second cogntiive-developmental stage. Toddlers and preschoolers in this stage typically begin to recognize rudimentary symbolic representation, i.e. that some objects represent other things. This understanding of symbols allows them to begin using words to represent things, people, feelings, and thoughts. Children can begin pretend/make-believe play through understanding symbols. They ncannot see others' viewpoints.
magical thinking - CORRECT ANSWER According to Piaget, ___________ ____________ is the belief that one's thoughts make external events happen.
sensorimotor stage - CORRECT ANSWER According to Piaget, infants are in the __________________ stage of cognitive development. This means they learn through sensory input they get from the environment, motor actions they perform, and environmental feedback they receive from those actions.
egocentric - CORRECT ANSWER viewing everything as revolving around oneself.
preoperational - CORRECT ANSWER At which of Piaget's stages are children egocentric?
concrete operations - CORRECT ANSWER According to Piaget, elementary school students (kids ages 7-11) are in __________________________ stage of cognitive development. They can follow and apply logical sequences to concrete objects they can see and manipulate. This is why they can begin learning mathematical concepts and procedures like addition and subtraction, and grammatical paradigms like verb conjugations.
centrate - CORRECT ANSWER To focus on one attribute of an object is to _________________.
decentrate - CORRECT ANSWER To accommodate multuple attributes and perform and reverse multiple operations is to ______________________
centrate; decentrate - CORRECT ANSWER Preoperational children ______________, while concrete operational children _____________________.
Alfred Bandura - CORRECT ANSWER What psychologist developed the primary theory of social learning?
context of social interactions - CORRECT ANSWER What did psychologist Alfred Bandura find to be the most important medium and influence for learning.
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation - CORRECT ANSWER What four conditions did Bandura say are required for social learning/learning by observing and imitating the behaviors of older models such as adults, older children, and peers.
express their wills - CORRECT ANSWER Toddlers who begin loudly saying "No!" are not obstinate or difficult, but are learning to:
needs - CORRECT ANSWER According to Maslow, humans are driven by ___________
physiological needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualizing needs - CORRECT ANSWER Name the 5 needs in Maslow's pyramid, from most fundamental to least
physiological needs - CORRECT ANSWER air, water, sleep, and food (Name the need on Maslow's pyramid)
security needs - CORRECT ANSWER shelter and a safe environment (Name the need on Maslow's pyramid)
social needs - CORRECT ANSWER feeling love, receiving affection, and belonging to a family and/or group (Name the need on Maslow's pyramid)
esteem needs - CORRECT ANSWER feeling personal value, accomplishment, and social recognition (Name the need on Maslow's pyramid)
self-actualizing needs - CORRECT ANSWER achieving optimal personal growth and realizng one's full potention (Name the need on Maslow's pyramid)
orgasmic valuing - CORRECT ANSWER the natural tendency to value what is healthy
positive esteem - CORRECT ANSWER Orgasmic value leads to:
conditional positive regard - CORRECT ANSWER children only feel esteemed by others on others' conditions
From parents to friends, teachers and other adults - CORRECT ANSWER What shift in relationships occur at the latency stage?
1. Provide plenty of objects to manipulate (ex. rattles, toys, balls, etc)
2. Don't punish for throwing objects from cribs or high chairs because they are learning - CORRECT ANSWER How can we help children in the sensorimotor stage of development?
reflecting positive regard and self-esteem through organismic valuing - CORRECT ANSWER What is the real self according to Rodgers?
ideal self - CORRECT ANSWER Does Rogers believe self-worth is based on real self or ideal self?
Carl Rogers - CORRECT ANSWER Organismic valuing, conditions of worth, real self vs ideal self, incongruence was a theory by:
rewards are given contingent on desired behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER In behaviorism what are contingencies for reinforcement?
Postive/negative reinforcement and postive/negative punishment - CORRECT ANSWER What are the 2 types of reinforcement and punishment for behaviorism?
positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Rewarding behaviors to increase probability that they reoccur is known as:
adding a stimulus to stop a behavior from happening - CORRECT ANSWER What is positive punishment?
taking away something good to decrease behavior - CORRECT ANSWER What is negative punishment?
extinction - CORRECT ANSWER Ignoring behaviors is known as:
negative reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Removing aversive stimuli for complying is known as:
Skinner - CORRECT ANSWER American psychologist best known for his influence on behaviorism
Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWER Researches find blood sugar stability problematic for many children with _________________ diabetes.
sleep apnea - CORRECT ANSWER a sleep disorder thatcauses a person's breathing to be interrupted often durng sleeping.
Lighter; higher blood sugars and poor school performance - CORRECT ANSWER Do diabetic children sleep lighter or deeper and how does this effect them?
much higher blood sugars - CORRECT ANSWER Sleep apnea is associted with ________________ in diabetic children.
saturated fats - CORRECT ANSWER What fats should kids avoid?
Legumes, nuts, lean meat, fish - CORRECT ANSWER What are good sources of protein for kids?
It fills their stomach and doesn't leave room for food and nutrients; bad for teeth and weight gain - CORRECT ANSWER Why should kids avoid drinking fruit juice?
2/3 of adult portions - CORRECT ANSWER What size portions should kids eat?
No, eat until you feel full/satisfied - CORRECT ANSWER Should we tell kids to clean their plate?
2 - CORRECT ANSWER Children mostly eat the same foods as adults by the age of __________ years.
snacking between meals - CORRECT ANSWER Because children cannot eat a lot at once, they must maintain their blood sugar and energy throughout the day by:
10-12 hours - CORRECT ANSWER Children aged 2-5 need how many hours of sleep?
9-11 - CORRECT ANSWER Childre aged 5-7 generally need how many hours of sleep?
inch - CORRECT ANSWER Young children can drown, even in an ________ of water.
60 minutes - CORRECT ANSWER How many minutes of physical activity is recommended per day?
lack of toys, inadequate verbal interactions limiting visual discrimination and linguistic development, or risk factors like less education, proper nutrtion, family stressors, and insufficent social servce support leading to school dropouts, delinquency, unemployment, amd perpetuated poverty. - CORRECT ANSWER Name some disadvantages of poverty
Opportunities for young children to play with peers and older children wth little adult intervention, promoting empathy, cooperation, self-control, self-reliance, and language acquisition within a culturally-specific context through rich cultural traditions of stories, songs, fames, and toys, resiliency. - CORRECT ANSWER Name some advantages of poverty
Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems - CORRECT ANSWER These intitiatives in each U.S> statehavethe ability to further methods that can decrease socioeconomically related health care inequities in early childhood, which generates positive impacts for the rest of children's lives.
1. Lowering overall national rates of poverty
2. Improving overall health and education measures
3. Saving long term health care costs
4. Decreasing disabilities
5. Lengthening lives by decreasing mortality rates. - CORRECT ANSWER Name 5 benefits of eliminating unequal treatment in early childhood
flexibility and variety - CORRECT ANSWER What are two key elements for involving diverse families with changing situations and needs in ECE.
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV); 90 - CORRECT ANSWER Passed to fetuses from mothers, who may be asymptomatic. About __________ percent of newborns are asymptomatic.
Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER Inflammation of the meninges, or membranes covering the brain and is caused by viral or bacterial infection.
intellectual disabilities - CORRECT ANSWER Both encephalitis and meningitis can cause:
environnmental deprivation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER Results when developing children are deprived of necessary environmental elements, physical, climate, and hygiene.
bilirubin - CORRECT ANSWER A waste product of old red blood cells
Rett syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER A nervous system disorder causing developmental regression, particularly severe in expressive language and
Warfarin - CORRECT ANSWER A prescription anticoagulant drug to thin the blood and prevent excessive clotting that can cause microcephaly (undersized head) and intellectual disabilitiesi n an infant when the mother has taken it during pregnancy
Trimethadione - CORRECT ANSWER Prescription antiseizure drug that can cause develpmental delays in babies when it has been taken by pregnant mothers.
lack curiosity and have quiet demeanors - CORRECT ANSWER Children with intellectual disabilities may:
intellectual disabilities - CORRECT ANSWER Researchers have found correlations between LDs and many of the same factors that cause intellectual _________________, including prenatal influences like excessive alcohol or other drug consumption, diseases, and so on.
Secure, Insecure and avoidant, Insecure and resistant, and Insecure and disorganized - CORRECT ANSWER Name the four attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth
Secure - CORRECT ANSWER Name the attachment style:
Show normal separation anxiety when mother leaves and happiness when she returns, avoid strangers when alone but are friendly when mother present, and use mother as a safe base for environmental exploring.
insecure and resistant - CORRECT ANSWER Name the attachment style:
Show exaggerated separation anxiety, ambivalence and resistance to mother upon reuniting, fear srangers, cry more, and explore less than secure or avoidant babies.
insecure and disorganized - CORRECT ANSWER Name the attachment style:
Seem dazed and confused, respond inconsistently, and may mix resistant and ambivalent and avoidant behaviors.
insecure and avoidant - CORRECT ANSWER Name the attachment style:
Show no separation anxiety or stranger anxiety and little interest on reunions with mother and are comforted equally by mother and strangers.
Secure - CORRECT ANSWER Name the attachment style:
Attachment styles that are associated with sensitive, responsive caregiving and children's positive self-images and other images
resistant and ambivalent - CORRECT ANSWER Name the attachment style:
Attachment styles that are associated with inconsistent caregiving
Avoidant - CORRECT ANSWER Name the attachment style:
Attachment style associated with unresponsive caregivers.
avoidant, resistant, and disorganized styles - CORRECT ANSWER Name the attachment style:
Which attachment styles associated with negative self-images and low self-esteem are most predictive of emotional disturbances?
Dyscalculia - CORRECT ANSWER Difficulty doing mathematical calculations; can also effect using money and telling time.
Mary Ainsworth - CORRECT ANSWER Person who discovered attachment styles identified in toddlers
lithium - CORRECT ANSWER Bipolar disorder is often successfuly treated with the chemical:
genetic predispositions, neurological damage, child abuse, and other traumatic experiences. - CORRECT ANSWER Factors contributing to conduct disorders in children include:
emotional and behavioral patterns - CORRECT ANSWER Children with conduct disorders display:
nonpsychotic - CORRECT ANSWER Which symptoms do schizophrenic children demonstrate; nonpsychotic or psychotic?
psychosis - CORRECT ANSWER thought disturbances or disorders
equally - CORRECT ANSWER Ages for reaching developmental milestones are __________________ variable in VI babies as in others.
higher - CORRECT ANSWER Some VI chidren also demonstrate ________________ levels of language development at younger-than-typical ages.
2 - CORRECT ANSWER Blind infants smile at hearing their mother's voice at _______ months
tactile stimuli like tickling and nuzzling - CORRECT ANSWER What evokes regular smiling in blind babies?
genetic - CORRECT ANSWER Half or more (50%-60%) of infant hearing losses have _____________ origins
25% - CORRECT ANSWER About ______ of babies are diagnosed with hearing losses whose etiology is unknown
25% - CORRECT ANSWER About __________ or more ofinfant hearing losses are caused by maternal infection sduring pregnancy, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV)
hoarseness - CORRECT ANSWER ________________ is common with vocal nodules and polyps.
hypernasality - CORRECT ANSWER Cleft palate commomly causes hyernasality.
other health impairment - CORRECT ANSWER A term referring to health and physical conditions that rob a child of strength, vitalty, or alertness that cause excessive alertness to environmental stimuli, all having the end result of impeding the child's ability to attend or respond to the educational environment.
cerebral palsy, spina bifida, amputations or missing limbs, muscular dystrophy, Tourette's, leukemia, cystic fibrosis, asthma, rheumatic fefer, AIDS, sickle-cell anemia, nephritis or kidney disease, diabetes, heart disease, and lead poisoning. - CORRECT ANSWER Name some examples of other health impairments
communication - CORRECT ANSWER Preschoolers with physical impairments also tend to have difficulty with _____________________ skills
developmental delays - CORRECT ANSWER Means that a child does not reach developmental milestones at the expected ages.
stiff or rigid limbs, floppy or limp body posture for the child's age, using one side of the body more than the other, and clumsiness unusual for the child's age. - CORRECT ANSWER Name some signs of delayed motor development
inattention, shorter than normal attention span for the age, avoiding orinfrequent eye contact, focusing on unusual objects fo long times or preferring objects over social interaction; excessive frustration when attempting taks normally simple for chilren their age, usual stubbornness, aggressive and acting-out behaviors, daily violent behaviors, rocking, excessive talking to oneself, and not soliciting love or approval from parents. - CORRECT ANSWER Name some behavioral signs of children's developmental delays
traumatic brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER What is the foremost cause of death and disability in children and teens in the USA?
falls, motor vehicle accidents, and physical abuse - CORRECT ANSWER Name the 3 most common causes of TBI in children
attention, retention and memory, reasoning, judgment, understanding abstract concepts and thinking abstractly, and problem-solving abilities. - CORRECT ANSWER Name some effects of TBI
multiple disabilities - CORRECT ANSWER Any combination of more than one disabling condition
acquiring and retaining cognitive skills and transferring or generalizing skills among settings and situationa - CORRECT ANSWER In addition to a difficulty or inability with with normal physical performance, multiply disabled children often have difficulty:
premature or preterm - CORRECT ANSWER Babies born before 37 weeks' gestation are classified as premature or preterm.
waived - CORRECT ANSWER If a young child has been screened for developmenal disorders or delays within the past 6 months and no changes, have been observed or reported, repeat screening may be _____________
informal - CORRECT ANSWER Checklists, rating scales, and inventories are all ___________ screening measures.
checklists - CORRECT ANSWER parents or caregivers check whether the chld does or does not demonstrate listed behaviors
developmental evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER If the screening identifes a child as having developmental delay(s), the child is then referred for a:
adaptive - CORRECT ANSWER At leaest one test of____________ behavior is requred to assess emotional-social development.
speech-language pathologist - CORRECT ANSWER Communcation skills are typically evaluated by a:
Child Find - CORRECT ANSWER An ongoing process with the aim of locating, identifying, and referring young children with disabilities and their families as early as possible for service programs.
Difference between chronological age and performance level, expressed a a percentage of chronological age, performance at a given number of months below chronological age, or number of standard deviations below mean of performance on a norm-referenced test - CORRECT ANSWER Name some quantitative criteria for developmental delay.
Development considered atypical or delayed for established norms or observed behaviors considered atypical. - CORRECT ANSWER Name some qualitative criteria for developmental delay.
No - CORRECT ANSWER Are developmental outcomes for children reliably predicted by any one risk factor or event?
The child's basic temperament, the child having high self-esteem, the child having a good emotional relationship with at least one parent, and the child having experiences of successful learning - CORRECT ANSWER Name some variables that afford resiliency in children to offset risk factors.
multiple biological and environmental risk factors, cumulative biological and enviromental risk factors, and for protective or resiliencefactors - CORRECT ANSWER Research on developmental outcomes for children has findings that indicate that assessments should include criteria for:
Specialized Training of Military Families (STOMP) - CORRECT ANSWER Military families stationed both in the United States and overseas who have young special needs children can seek informatiom ad assistance from the federally funded organization known as:
National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities - CORRECT ANSWER Aother excellent source of more information about special education is:
1. Physician's reports
2. The child's medical history
3. Developmental test results
4. Current classroom observations
5. Completed developmental andbehavioral checklists
6. Feedback and observations from parentsandall memners of the evaluation team
7. Any other significant records, reports, and observations regarding the child - CORRECT ANSWER Name 7 evaluation information sources under IDEA
aged 3-5 years with a disability or developmental delay - CORRECT ANSWER Special education for preschoolers is education specifically desiged to met the individual needs of a child:
whether the child has a disability under IDEA's definitions and determine the child's present educational needs - CORRECT ANSWER Evaluation purposes of a preschool child are to determine:
1. To establish reasonable educational goals for the individual child
2. To indicate what services the school district will provide to the child. - CORRECT ANSWER Name two main purposes of the IEP
group - CORRECT ANSWER For ________________ observations, teachers might complete a form based on their observations during class story or circle time, organized using three themes per day, each targeting different skills.
individual - CORRECT ANSWER For ________________ observations, teacers might fill out a chart divided into domains like physical development; oral language development,math,emergent reading, emergent writing, sciece and health, fine arts, technology and media,etc., noting one child's strengths and needs in each area per chart.
responsive instructional planning - CORRECT ANSWER Tracking children's progress informs:
measure the developmental areas pertinent to their program, support their program's established goals, and include all EC ages served in their program. - CORRECT ANSWER EC program administrators should choose instruments that can:
1. Instruments' administration, scoring, and interpretation methods should be congruent with program personnel's skills.
2. Test/measure administration should involve realistic time durations.
3. Instruments/tools should be appropriate to use with ethnically diverse and non-English speaking children and families.
4. Tests should also be proven psychometrically accurate and dependable enough. - CORRECT ANSWER Name four key characteristics of test administration.
1. Develop and confirm diagnoses of developmental disordersor delays.
2. Assessment tools are also used to help educators and therapists plan curricular and treatment programs.
3. Determine a child's eligibility for a given program.
4. Once a child is placed in an ECE program, they are used to monitor children's progress and other changes occurring through time. - CORRECT ANSWER Name four functions of assessments
Scholastic Early Childhood Inventory (SECI) - CORRECT ANSWER formal one on one instrument to assess children's progress in four domains found to predict kindergarten readiness: phonological awareness, oral language development, alphabet knowledge, and mathematics.
Assessment, Evaluation, and Programming System - CORRECT ANSWER Assessment for 0-6 year olds used to plan intervention
Bayley Scales for Infant Development - CORRECT ANSWER Assesment of developmental delays in children ages 1-42 months
Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development - CORRECT ANSWER Assessment for planning instruction for children 0-7 years old
Developmental Profile - CORRECT ANSWER Assessment of special needs and used to support IEP development for children aged 0-6
Early Coping Inventory - CORRECT ANSWER 4-36 months; Assessment used for planning interventions
Early Learning Accomplishmens Profile - CORRECT ANSWER 0-36 months; assessment used for planning interventions
Infant-Toddler Developmental Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER 0-36 months; Used to screen for developmental delays
comprehensive - CORRECT ANSWER Programs like Head Start that promote general EC development should select _______________ assessment instruments.
social-emotional development - CORRECT ANSWER Outreach programs targeting better identification of childre having untreated and/or undetected mental health problems should choose instruments assessing:
temperament - CORRECT ANSWER Clinics treating chldren with regulatory disorders might select an instrument measuring ______________
risk and resiliency factors - CORRECT ANSWER Prevention programs helping multiple needs families access supports and services could use a measure for:
very dynamic and occurs rapidly - CORRECT ANSWER An important consideration for screening and assessment in early childhood is that EC development is:
They can be administered and readministerd at the beginning and end of programs and/or in between, to compare and monitor changes, whic is dffcult with separate, age-specific tests - CORRECT ANSWER Choosing screening and assessment instruments covering the entire age range served in an EC program is advantageous, not only because they can be used with all child ages in the program, but also because:
questionnaires - CORRECT ANSWER The most common form of paper-and-pencil report about infants and young children are ________________.
20 - CORRECT ANSWER Questionnaires take fewer than _________ minutes to finish.
Formal - CORRECT ANSWER What kind of observations involve waching activities structured for the screening/assessment instrument?
informal - CORRECT ANSWER What kind of observations involve watching a child's activities in natural settings like at home or in preschool during play times.
1. Records of which developmentally normal behaviors a child has attained
2. Incidences of prolem behaviors noted
3. Descriptions and evaluations of the quality of a child's social interactions with other people, and other observations of the child's behaviors that can inform screening and assessment. - CORRECT ANSWER Name 3 findings that trained observers may have:
1. Considerable training
2. Advanced psychometric education and experience
3. Thorough knowledge of EC devlopment
4. Additional time to score and interpret these tess. - CORRECT ANSWER What are four things that assessors need?
structured - CORRECT ANSWER The type of interview where the administrator reads prescribed questions as written to the interviewee is known as a _____________ format.
semi-structured - CORRECT ANSWER Format of interviewwherein the administrator uses his/her judgment to add more questions to the writte ones until s/he determines that the information provided is complete enough.
test-retest reliability - CORRECT ANSWER How consistent/stable an instrument's results are across administration.
similar; higher - CORRECT ANSWER The more ________________ the reuslts between/among adminstrations, the ____________ the est-retest reliablity.
interrater reliability - CORRECT ANSWER How consistent/stable an instrument's results are across different individual administrators/raters.
internal consistency - CORRECT ANSWER When indivdual items correlate strongly with eachn other and with the total test score. This means that all of the individual items measure parts of the same construct that the test is intended to measure. [Show Less]