The focus of an earthquake is a point ___
Within the earth where the initial release of seismic energy occurs
The epicenter of an earthquake is a
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on the earth's surface directly above the initial release of seismic energy.
Which of the following seismic waves has the same wave form as a sound wave?
P Wave
Which of the following seismic waves is the first to arrive at a seismic station?
P Wave
Which of the following seismic waves is the last to arrive at a seismic station?
Love Wave
Which seismic wave vibrates side-to-side relative to its direction of travel?
S Wave
Two kinds of body waves are ___
P waves and S waves
The following seismic waves are used to locate earthquake epicenters:
P and S Waves
Which of the following statements is correct?
P-wave amplitude and S-wave amplitude are about the same.
Determining the distance along the earth's surface from a seismic station to the epicenter of an earthquake is based on the difference in arrival times between
the first P wave and the first S wave
To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, it takes
at least three seismic stations.
magnetic declination
the difference between the magnetic north and the true north
topographic quadrangle map
Current-generation topographic maps are created from digital GIS databases
seismic waves
waves of energy that travel through the Earth
Amplitude
Height of a wave
Focus of an earthquake
the point of initial movement
Epicenter
Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus
Wadati-Benioff Zone
a planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-going slab in a subduction zone. Differential motion along the zone produces numerous earthquakes
Elevation
height above sea level
topographic map
A map that shows the surface features of an area.
Latitude
Distance north or south of the equator
Longitude
Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees
bearing
compass direction of on point relative to another
Map Scale
Township, section, acres, quarters, quarter divides.
Scale Conversions
1 inch on map = 24,000 inches on ground x 1ft/12 in x 1 mile/5280ft = 0.379 mile
1 mile on ground x 5,280ft/ 1 mile x 12in/ 1 ft x 1in on map/ 24,000ft = 2.64 inches on map
Uniform slope
evenly spaced contour lines
steep slope
closely spaced contour lines
gentle slope
widely spaced contour lines
vertical cliff
merged contour lines
Which of the following is the definition of a shoreline?
the area of land between the highest and lowest possible water levels
The height of a wind-driven wave depends upon wind velocity,
duration, and fetch.
The depth equivalent to half a wavelength is a wave's
Wave base
Wave base determines the water depth at which a wave will
"feel" the seafloor and begin to build.
Which of the following is most responsible for existence of tides?
the gravitational attraction of the moon
A steady decrease in sea level following a high tide is called a(n)
Ebb Tide
A steady increase in sea level following a low tide is called a(n)
Flood Tide
When the sun and moon are aligned, their combined gravitational attractions produce a(n)
Spring Tide
When the sun and moon are at right angles relative to Earth, they partially cancel out each other's
gravitational attractions to produce a(n)
Neap Tide
Backwash always flows
perpendicular to the slope of a shoreline.
Longshore currents
flow in a direction parallel to the shoreline.
Which is NOT true of emergent coastlines?
They have very wide continental shelves.
Give enough time, a sea cave is likely to erode further to become a
sea arch and then a sea stack.
Which is NOT true of submergent coastlines?
Their shorelines are dominated by erosional features
A longshore current will deposit sediment when
its energy decreases
Beach
an area of the shoreline that is made up of deposited sediment
Spit
A beach formed by longshore drift that projects like a finger out into the water
Bay Barrier
seals off a lagoon from the ocean
Tombolo
A ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or to another island
Long-shore Current
a current that flows parallel to the shoreline
Crest
Highest point of a wave
Trough
Lowest point of a wave
Wave-cut Cliffs
cutting action of the surf against the base of coastal land
Velocity
Speed in a given direction
Friction of a wave
causes the wavelength to shorten and the crest to arrive in closer succession
rip current
a rush of water that flows rapidly back to sea through a narrow opening
Coriolis deflection in the Northern Hemisphere is to the _______________.
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