Volcanic Activity creates two main types of deposits that can form igneous rocks. What are they?
Lava flows and pyroclastic material
List the four
... [Show More] sizes and measurements of pyroclastic material
1) Volcanic Ash <2mm
2) Lapilli >2mm <64mm
3)Blocks >64mm, ejected solids
4)Bombs >64mm, ejected molten material
If ocean crust is rich in ferromagnesian minerals, what type of rocks are on the ocean floor?
Basalt
What is the mineral composition of continental crust?
Abundant quartz and orthoclase, as well as biotite and sodium-rich plagioclase and hornblende
When rocks weather into particles, most of the rocks don't stay in place; name three ways weathered rock particles are carried away
Water, wind, ice
Four sizes of sedimentary grain sizes and measurements
1) Clay < 1/256 mm
2) 1/256 < SILT < 1/16mm
3) 1/16 < SAND < 2mm
4) Gravel >2mm
2 processes sediments are turned into rock with definition
Compaction: as sediments are buried, the pressure from overlying layers pushes the clasts closer together, reducing pore space
Cementation: If the clasts are fine or very fine, the pressure from compaction can cause the clasts to cling together and form rocks. If the clasts are larger, dissolved minerals will glue them together.
How to produce bituminous coal
Plant materials are deposited in a swamp-like environment. The materials are preserved and buried. Continuous pressure from overlying layers compact and remove noncarbon material. Further pressure creates bituminous coal
Evaporite minerals and how they are deposited
Halite and Gypsum (hail could evaporate into water; gypsies use smoke that looks like evaporation)
Evaporites form as minerals crystallize as the water in which they have been dissolved in, evaporates
Limestone is both chemical and biochemical. Why?
Limestone can be formed in the ocean by the compaction and cementation of dead organisms; thus, the limestone would have organic origin.
Limestone can also form from the precipitate calcite, which would make limestone chemical
What is metamorphism
Alteration of the composition or structure of a rock by heat and pressure
How are foliation and layering different
Foliation involves preferred orientation with elongated minerals; foliation occurs by heat and pressure
Layering on the other hand, involves stacking sediments on top of each other. Layering doesn't have to have minerals that are elongated
Why is slate good roofing material
It is impervious to water and it has slaty cleavage: cleaves perfectly in one plain
What is a metamorphic grade
The combinations of heat and pressure that produce metamorphism
-Low Grade
-Intermediate Grade
-High Grade
What history do metamorphic rocks reveal
The journey deep beneath earth's surface where temperatures and pressure create transformation that occur nowhere else on earth [Show Less]