Growth
Physical
A physiologic increase in size through cell multiplication/differentiation
Development
-The physiological, psychosocial, and
... [Show More] cognitive changes occuring over ones life span due to growth, maturation and learning.
-assumes orderly and specific situations lead to a new activities and behavior patterns
Infant stage
B-1yr
Toddler stage
1-3yr
Preschool stage
3-6yr
School age stage
6-12yr
Adolescent stage
12-19yrs +
Development is _________ and __________
orderly and sequential
Onset and length of development _________ but basic sequence is ___________
varies; same
Principles of growth/development 8
-development is orderly and sequential
-dev is directional (cephalocaudal/proximodistal)
-dev is unique to each child
(may be advanced in one area but delayed in another)
-dev is interrelated (CNS matures before cognitive development)
-dev becomes increasingly differentiate/specific/skillfull
-dev becomes increasingly integrated/complex
-children are competent
-new skills predominate
Psychoanalytic theories of human development
1 freud; psychosexual
2 Erikson: psychosocial
Cognitive-structural theory of human development
Piaget's stages of cognitive dev
Freud's psychosexual stages
Id, ego, superego
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phalic stage
Latency
Genital stage
Id
Primitive, instinctive, subconscious
Ego
Relationships, mediates ID vs external real world
Superego
Ideal self
Feelings of guilt, reward
Controls ids impulses and persuades ego to strive for perfection
-developed in phallic stage
Freud's Oral stage
-b-1yr infant
-focuses on learning through the mouth via eating/teething
Freud's anal stage
-1-3yr toddler
-toilet training
Freud's phalic stage
-3-6yrs preschool
-males vs females
Freud's latency stage
-6-12yrs school age
-latent sexualit
Freud's genital stage
-12+ adolescent
-puberty/sexuality emerges
Erikson's psychosocial development stages
-studied and built on freud
-trust vs mistrust (B-1yr)
-Autonomy vs shame/doubt 1-3yr
-Initiative vs guilt 3-6yrs
-industry vs inferiority 6-12yrs
-identity vs role confusion 12-18yrs
Trust vs mistrust stage
Infant is totally dependant on caregiver develops trust or mistrust if not cared for properly
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
Walking/investigates environment
Initiative vs guilt
Children start activities / give you the rules for games
Industry vs inferiority
Grades/sports
Identity vs role confusion
sense of belonging
Piaget's cognitive stages development
How we critically think
-sensorimotor (primary cirular reactions, secondary ciricular reactions and secondary schema)
-preoperational
-concrete operational
-formal operations
Piaget's sensorimotor stage
B-2yrs
Learns through senses/motor capabilities
Piaget's preoperational stage 5
2-7yrs
Before logic
-develops an understanding of the past/present/future
-no concept of irreversibility (no centration;and conservation)
-fantasy: easter bunny/santa
Centration
Focusing on only one aspect of a thing at once. Ex: know what a dog is, focuses on it having 4 legs= anything with 4 legs is dog
Conservation
Children cannot tell beakers have same amount of water because they are different sizes
Piaget's concrete operational stage 5
-7-11yrs
-understand the basic properties of and relationships between objects/events
-are limited to their own experiences through trial/error
-have to see/feel to understand
-ex every child has lucky charms for bfast because they do
Piaget's Formal operational stage
-12=yrs
-abstract thinking
-ex. hope/love
Proximodistal development
-Dev progresses from center of body to extremities.
- child develops arms before fingers
-mass to specific dev occurs as the child learns general/more simplified tasks before specific complex ones
Cephalocaudal development
-development occurs along the body's long axis
-head down
Early identification of dev disorders is critical to the well-being of children/families. It is an integral function of the primary care medical home and an appropriate responsibility of all peds health workers
yup
How does the American Academy of Pediatrics define dev screening?
Administration of a brief standardized tool which aids in the identification of children who are at risk of delay
What is a developmental disorder?
-conditions that begin in childhood and manifest as physical, psychological, cognitive or speech impairments
Developmental screening tools, must have a sensitivity/specificity of what to be valid?
-must have sensitivity/specificity of 70%+
-ages/stages questionnaire
-parents evaluation of dev status (PEDS)
-infant developmental inventory
-childhood developmental review parent questionnaire (CDR-PR)
Consequences of not using dev screening and what % are not identified in a timely manner?
-children with dev delays often have higher anxiety, lower self esteem, more depression, learning problems in school
-less involved
-less popular cause they aren't achieving
-currently 60-80% of those with delays are not identified in a timely manner [Show Less]