The anterior fontanel most often closes when?
-between 12 - 18 months of age.
-It may normally close as early as 9 months of age.
Where do
... [Show More] primary teeth first erupt?
The lower central incisors are usually the first to appear, followed by the upper central incisors.
Start brushing them as soon as they come in at 5-7 or 6-8 months.
Car Seats
Infant - 2 years of age: Rear-facing car seat.
5-point harness seat is made for children up to 40 pounds (18 kilograms) & the booster seat for children from 40 to 80 pounds (18 to 36 kilograms).
Infants at 4 months
Infants typically turn over front to back at 4 months, enlarging the area of the house that needs to be childproofed.
Primitive Reflexes: at what point do they disappear?
-Step reflex: 4-8 weeks
-Suck: 2-5 months
-Root Reflex (Stroke cheek): 3 months
-Moro: 4-6 months
-Tonic neck reflex: 4 months
-Palmar grasp reflex: 4-6 months
-Tongue Extrusion reflex: 4-6 months
-Plantar grasp: 9 months
-Babinski reflex (fanning of toes when sole of foot stroked) by 12 months. [last to go]
Protective Reflexes & emergence
-Neck righting: 4-6 months
-Parachute (sideways): 6 months
-Parachute (forward): 6-7 months
-Parachute (backward): 9-10 months
Infants at 7-10 months
-Sit up w/ assistance by 7 months
-Transferring an object from one hand to the other expected at 7 months.
-8 months: sit up independently
-8 months: Stranger Anxiety starts, gets worse
-Crawl at 9 months
-Pull to standing at 10 months.
Gross & fine motor skills develop
in a cephalocaudal fashion
Capacity of the normal newborn's stomach is
between 1/2 - 1 ounce
Babies are considered newborn (or perinatal)
birth - 28 days, then they are infants (till 12 months).
By 1 year of age, the infant's weight should
have tripled their birth weight & grown 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) or length increases by 50%.
-Most infants double their birth weight by 4-6 months of age & triple their birth weight by 1 year old.
Toys - age appropriate: birth - 4 months
Birth - 1 month:
-mobile w/ contrasting colors
-unbreakable mirror
-soft bright colored toys
1-4 months: (all toys above +)
-bright mobile
-rattles
-singing parent
-high contrast in books/images
What age does a child start playing with their hands?
Around 3 months
Toys - age appropriate: 4 - 12 months
4-7 months:
-Fabric or board books
-Different types of music
-Easy-to-hold toys that do things/make noise (fancy rattles)
-Floating, squirting bath toys
-Soft dolls/animals
8-12 months:
-Plastic cups, bowls, buckets, unbreakable mirror
-Large building blocks
-Stacking toys
-Busy boxes (w. buttons/knobs that make things happen)
-Balls
-Dolls
-Board books with large pictures
-Push-pull toys (older infants)
What age can a child use a spoon?
18 months
Colic
-Inconsolable crying lasting 3 or more hours/day w/ no physical cause, more prevalent in evenings.
-May begin as early as 2 wks
-Treatment is a restful, soothing environment.
-Typically resolves by 3 months of age.
When is the first social smile?
2 months
Maturation, Growth & Development
Maturation = increase in functionality of various body systems or developmental skills.
Growth = increase in physical size.
Development = sequential process by which infants & children gain various skills & functions.
Foods commonly associated with ALLERGIES in infants/young children
-Cow's milk
-Peanut butter
-Strawberries
-Wheat
-Egg Whites
+any small foods child can choke on (hot dog slices, popcorn, etc)
Erikson's psychosocial developmental task for the infant is
to develop a sense of trust
(Trust vs Mistrust)
Ch 26: Average Toddler Weight & Height
-Average toddler weight gain is 1.36 to 2.27 kg (3 - 5 lb) per year.
-Length/height increases by an average of 7.62 cm (3 inches) per year.
-Toddlers generally reach about half of their adult height by 2 years of age!
Ch 26: Toddler Head Circumference
-Increases about 2.54 cm (1 inch) b/t 1 & 2 years age, then increases avg of 1.27 cm (1/2 inch) per year until age 5.
-Head circumference (reflective of brain growth) reaches about 90% of its adult size by 2 years of age, when it is measured until.
-Head size becomes more proportional to rest of body near age of 3 years.
Ch 26: Typical toddler appearance
Rounded abdomen (d/t still-weak abdominal muscles), a slight swayback, & a wide-based stance.
Infant HR & RR
HR: 80-150
RR: 25-55
-Infants normally display uneven/irregular breathing pattern, w/ short pauses b/t some breaths.
-This may be accentuated when they are ill
Toddler HR & RR
As a child grows into a toddler, their:
-HR decreases
-BP increases
HR Norm: 70-120
RR Norm: 20-30
Preschooler HR & RR
HR: 65-110
RR: 20-25
BP taken usually once per visit starting at age 3, unless issue present. (text pg 1170)
School Age HR & RR
HR: 60-100
RR: 14-22
Adolescent HR & RR
HR: 55-95
RR: 12-18
Erikson defines the toddler period as a time of
-Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt.
- a time of exerting independence
-struggle for self-mastery
Toddler Walking heel to toe by age
3 years
DTaP
-Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis
Given as a series of five injections:
—at 2, 4, & 6 months;
-between 15 & 18 months,
-between 4 & 6 years [Show Less]