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Score for this quiz: 190.5 out of 200 Submitted Apr 8 at 4:46pm This attempt took 99 minutes.
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Question 1
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances.
True
Correct!
False
Question 2
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions.
Correct!
True
False
Question 3
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply.
Correct!
It is involved in cellular respiration
They are found far from the site of energy consumption Correct!
They play a role in apoptosis
They control free radicals
Question 4
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply.
Correct!
Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
The main structural component is made of proteins Correct!
Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells Correct!
Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
Question 5
10 / 10 pts
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. Your Answer:
Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply is slowly reduced to an area. The area is dehydrated and becomes dark or black in color. Commonly seen in patients with diabetes. It is not very painful, but tissues eventually die.
Wet gangrene is casued with a sudden reduction in blood flow. The area is cold and swollen, with no pulse. This can occur from trauma. Bacteria is involved and is very painful. It has the appearance of pus, becasue it looks wet. There is also a foul smell.
In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid.
Question 6
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
True
Correct!
False
False, cell differentiation
Question 7
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division.
True
Correct!
False
False, cell proliferation
Question 8
2.5 / 2.5 pts
What are two important properties that stem cells possess? Your Answer:
Stem cells possess potency and self-renewal.
Potency and self-renewal
Question 9
2.5 / 2.5 pts
These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide: Your Answer:
progenitor or parent cells progenitor or parent cells
Question 10 10 / 10 pts
1. ______ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites.
2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as _______.
Your Answer:
1. chemotherapy
2. cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
1. chemotherapy
2. cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
Question 11
5 / 5 pts
Short answer
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders.
Your Answer:
There are about 80 autoimmune disorders identified, with many overlapping presentations. Blood tests can be more generic and results are imprecise. Markers can be elevated in the presecence of other diseases.
There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn’t perfect either, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
Question 12
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
The T cells that display the host’s MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection.
True
Correct!
False
Question 13
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice:
Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils Correct!
Lymphocytes
Question 14
10 / 10 pts
A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency room with an anaphylactic reaction. (1) What symptoms might he present with? (2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction? (3) What is the initial immediate treatment? (4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis should always carry? Your Answer:
1) Shortness of breath, skin redness/hives, GI discomfort such as cramping, nausau.
2) Does NOT play a role
3) epinephrine
4) idenitification of the allergy and EpiPen
(1) Any of the following reactions are accepted.
Grade I: erythema and urticaria, with or without angioedema.
Grade II: hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, and GI manifestations, like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping from mucosal edema.
Grade III: bronchospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac collapse.
Grade IV: cardiac arrest
(2) No
(3) Epinephrine
(4) identification about allergy, EpiPen
Question 15 0 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice:
A 23-year-old African-American man with a history of severe lifelong anemia requiring many transfusions has nonhealing leg ulcers and recurrent periods of abdominal and chest pain. These signs and symptoms are most likely to be associated with which one of the following laboratory abnormalities?
Correct Answer
Sickle cells on peripheral blood smear
Loss of intrinsic factor You Answered
Decreased erythropoietin
Decreased ferritin
Question 16
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice:
Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?
Dietary deficiencies are not common
Peripheral neuropathy can be a result of deficiency
Vitamin B12 is bound to intrinsic factor Correct!
MCV is decreased
Question 17
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice:
Each of the following are risk factors for secondary hyperlipidemia except?
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
High cholesterol diet
Correct!
Autosomal dominant disorder of LDL receptor
Question 18
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice:
Risk factors for coronary heart disease include each of the following except:
Correct!
HDL > 60
Smoking
Hypertension
Family history of heart disease
Question 19
10 / 10 pts
Patient is found to have the above:
1. What risk factors mostly led to this disease state?
2. What is this person at risk for developing?
3. What lifestyle modifications would you suggest for them?
Your Answer:
1) Smoking, poor diet, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes, increased age
2) Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction
3) Stop smoking, healthy diet, lose weight/exercise, take medications
Answer: Picture is of an atherosclerotic plaque
1. Hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, obesity and visceral fat, hypertension, diabetes mellitus. Increasing age, family history of premature CHD, and male sex. May also include C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum lipoprotein(a).
2. Coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, aneurysm, stroke (ischemia, thrombosis, emboli).
3. Stop smoking, lose weight/exercise, healthy diet (low-fat, low-cholesterol), adhere to medication for blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and/or diabetes.
Question 20 5 / 5 pts
_____ is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Your Answer:
diffusion
Diffusion
Question 21 5 / 5 pts
Multiple Choice:
Each of the following can lead to atelectasis except:
Pleural effusion
Tumor mass Correct!
Thrombus
Mucous plug
Question 22 8 / 10 pts
Short answer:
A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a “cold,” and now he doesn’t get relief from his albuterol inhaler.
Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms.
Your Answer:
In asthma patients, airways begin to narrow. A trigger, such as a cold virus, can start a cascade of inflammatory cells to cause epithelial injury, resulting in airway inflammation. With severe airway inflammation, patient is experiencing remodeling, which is development of specific structural changes in the airway wall.
Recruitment of inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they directly attack the invading organisms and secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial wall, mucus secretion, constriction of the airway; bronchial hyper-responsiveness to stimuli causes airway obstruction or narrowing. They may discuss on a cellular level as well:
Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial injury. This causes airway inflammation, which further increases hyperresponsiveness and decreased airflow. Mast cells release histamine and leukotrienes. These cause major bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast cells can trigger multiple cytokine release, which causes more airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and subsequent swelling leads to further airway obstruction. [Show Less]