NURS 231 -Pathophysiology exam -module 1 to
module 10-2022/2023
Module 1 Exam
Question 1
0 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
A bodybuilder’s
... [Show More] muscles will display hyperplasia.
True
Correct Answer
False
Question 2
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
During pregnancy, uterine enlargement is caused by hypoplasia.
True
False
It’s hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
Question 3
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Persistent dysplasia eventually results in cancer.
True
False
Question 4
0 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Endometrial hyperplasia is a normal physiologic occurrence.
True
Correct Answer
False
Question 5
10 / 10 pts
Match the following:
1. Proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease a. Validity
2. How likely the same result will occur if repeated b. Reliability
3. How a tool measures what it is intended to measure c. Sensitivity
4. People without the disease who are negative on a given test d. Specificity
Proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease
How likely the same result will occur if repeated
How a tool measures what it is intended to measure
People without the disease who are negative on a given test
Question 6
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply.
It is involved in cellular respiration
They are found far from the site of energy consumption
They play a role in apoptosis
They control free radicals
Question 7
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Which of the following are true regarding cell communication? Select all that apply.
Paracrine signaling depends on hormones
Neurotransmitters act through synapses
Enzyme linked receptors act through an on-off switch
Autocrine signaling releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity
Question 8
2.5 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice
Which of the following are false of the cell?
Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane.
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell.
The rough ER is the site for lipid synthesis.
Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures.
Question 9
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Which is true of the cytoskeleton? Select all that apply.
It controls shape and movement
Cilia and flagella are microtubule-filled cellular extensions
It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes
Question 10
0 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
High blood pressure is an example of which of the following?
Pathology
Correct Answer
Pathophysiology
Physiology
No answer text provided.
Question 11
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
A patient complains of chest pain and an elevated blood pressure. What are these examples of?
Signs
Symptoms
Both A & B
Question 12
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is NOT helpful to the clinician to make a diagnosis?
Detailed history
Physical exam
Evidence based practice
Laboratory tests
Question 13
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is the effect of an illness on one’s life?
Incidence
Morbidity
Prevalence
Mortality
Question 14
10 / 10 pts
Define secondary prevention and give an example:
Your Answer:
Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually when they are asymptomatic and curable.
An example is going for an annual pap smear.
Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic and curable. Some examples include annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening.
Question 15
10 / 10 pts
Explain apoptosis and why it is necessary:
Your Answer:
Apoptosis, referred to as programmed cell death, eliminates excess cells, damaged cells, improperly formed cells and gentically damaged cells.
Apoptosis is important to ensure the cell gets rid of unwanted cells and tissue that may impair or disrupt its normal functioning.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This process eliminates cells that are worn out, have been produced in excess, have developed improperly, or have genetic damage. Apoptosis is also responsible for several normal physiologic processes, like replacing cell in the intestinal villi and removing aging red blood cells.
Question 16
10 / 10 pts
Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis.
Your Answer:
Necrosis refers to the death of a tissue or organ which is part of a living person.
An example of necrosis is coagulative necrosis, which is the sudden cut-off of blood flow to an organ, usually the heart or kidney.
Necrosis refers to cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person. It often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration. Coagulative necrosis results most often from a sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ (ischemia), particularly the heart and kidney. Liquefactive necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. It is commonly seen with brain infarcts or abscesses. Caseous necrosis occurs as part of granulomatous inflammation and is most often associated with tuberculosis.
Gangrenous necrosis most often affects the lower extremities or bowel and is secondary to vascular occlusion. The term gangrene is applied when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis. In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid.
Question 17
9 / 10 pts
Match the type of cell injury to the cause. Some answers may be used more than once. (1 point each)
1. Sunburn a. Physical agents
2. Obesity b. Radiation injury
3. Reactive oxygen species c. Chemical injury
4. Low oxygen to tissues d. Biologic agents
5. Fractures e. Nutritional imbalances
6. OTC drugs f. Free radical injury
7. Hypothermia g. Hypoxic cell injury
8. Radiation treatment
9. Lead toxicity
10. Bacteria
Sunburn
Obesity
Reactive oxygen species
Low oxygen to tissues
Fractures
OTC drugs
Hypothermia
Correct Answer
a. Physical agents
Radiation treatment
Lead toxicity
Bacteria
Question 18
10 / 10 pts
List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each.
The 4 types of tissues found in the body are
1. epithelial tissue
2. connective tissue
3. muscle tissue
4. nerve tissue
Muscle tissue function to provide movement to skeletal structures, pump blood through the heart, and contract blood vessels and visceral organs. An example of a muscle tissue is skeletal muscle.
Nerve tissue is found throughout the body, and is used in communication between peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. An example of a nervous tissue cell is neuron
Epithelial tissue covers the body’s outer surface, lines the inner surfaces, and forms glandular tissue. Epithelial tissue has three distinct surfaces and the basal surface is attached to an underlying basement membrane. It is avascular, meaning without blood vessels. It receives oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries of the connective tissue on which it rests.
Connective or supportive tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body. It connects and binds or supports the various tissues. Its cells produce the extracellular matrix that support and hold tissues together. Connective tissue is divided into two types: connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, and blood cells). The four types of connective tissue proper are loose (areolar), adipose, reticular, and dense connective tissue.
The function of muscle tissue is to move the skeletal structures, pump blood through the heart, and contract the blood vessels and visceral organs. Muscle tissue can accomplish this by contraction. The two types of fibers that contract are called thin and thick filaments. Thin filaments are called actin, and the thick filaments are myosin. The three types of muscles tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. [Show Less]