Etiology
study of causes or reasons for phenomena
idiopathic
cause is UNKNOWN
iatrogenic
cause results from unintended or unwanted
... [Show More] medical treatment
risk factor
a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease
signs
OBSERVED or OBJECTIVE manifestations of disease
symptoms
SUBJECTIVE feeling of abnormality in the body
Latent period
time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of s/s; when s/s temporarily disappear
remission
decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured
subclinical stage
patient functions normally; disease processes are well established
chronic clinical course
may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course
exacerbation
a sudden increase in severity of disease or s/s
sensitivity
probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition/ TRUE POSITIVE
specificity
probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person with a particular condition/ TRUE NEGATIVE
allostasis
a dynamic process that MAINTAINS OR RE-ESTABLISHES HOMEOSTASIS in light of environmental and lifestyle changes
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
alarm, resistance/adaptation, exhaustion
Norepinephrine
-constricts blood vessels (vasoconstrictor) and raises BP--ALPHA RECEPTOR
-reduces gastric secretions
-increases night and far vision
Epinephrine
-enhances myocardial contractility, increases HR, and increases CO-- BETA 1 receptor
-causes bronchodilation--BETA 2 RECEPTOR
-increases the release of glucose from the liver (glycogenolysis) and elevates blood glucose levels
Adrenocortical Steroids
-may synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
-examples (cortisol and aldosterone)
cortisol/steroid
-primary glucocorticoid
-affects protein metabolism
-promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
-has anti-inflammatory effects
aldosterone
-primary mineralcorticoid
-promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
-increases BP
exhaustion
point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
allostatic overload
"cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffective regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
ischemia
-interruption of blood flow
What do cellular events of ischemia lead to?
lactic acidosis
reversible cell injury
hydropic swelling, intracellular accumulations
hydropic swelling
-cellular swelling due to accumulation of water
-results from malfunction of sodium potassium pump with accumulation of sodium ions within the cell
atrophy
cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious factors
causes of atrophy
-disuse
-denervation
-ischemia
-nutrient starvation
-interruption of endocrine signals
-persistent cell injury
hypertrophy
-increase in cell mass
-cause: increased cellular protein content
hyperplasia
-increased cell number
metaplasia
-conversion of one cell type to another
-common cause: adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious stimulation
dysplasia
-disorderly growth
-significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS)
irreversible cell injury
necrosis, gangrene, apoptosis
necrosis (at cellular level)
-consequence of ischemia or toxic injury
-characterized by: cell rupture, spilling of contents into extracellular fluid, and inflammation
gangrene (at cellular level)
cellular death in a large area of TISSUE
dry gangrene
-form of coagulative necrosis characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue [Show Less]