Tertiary Prevention Examples
Counseling on medication; rehabilitation; supportive care; reducing disability
Latent Period
time between exposure
... [Show More] of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and/or symptoms
Endemic
Native to local region
Subclinical Disease
no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
Etiology
cause of disease
Idiopathic
unknown cause
latrogenic
Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
Primary prevention
altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons ex: vaccinations
Allostasis
process by which the body achieves stability through homeostatis
Selye's 3 Phases of Stress
Alarm reaction; resistance; exhaustian
sympathetic nervous system: Norepinephrine
causes vasoconstriction & increases BP; Reduces gastric secretions; increases night and far vision
sympathetic nervous system: epinephrine
enhances myocardial contractility; increases HR & CO; causes bronchiodilation; increases glucose release from liver
Hormones released during the stress response
Cortisol
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Endorphines
Oxytocin
RAA pathway (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone)
Types of intracellular accumulation
-Excessive amounts of normal intracellular substance
-Abnormal substances from faulty matabolism synthesis
-particles that the cell is unable to degrade
Cellular adaptation types
-Atrophy: Decrease cell size
-Hypertrophy: increase cell size
-Hyperplasia: increase cell number
-Metaplasia: conversion of one cell type to another
-Dysplasia: disorderly growth
Coagulative necrosis
this process begins with ischemia, ends with degradation of plasma membrane (heart)
Liquefactive necrosis
liquification of lysosomal enzymes, formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue (brain)
Fat necrosis
death of adipose tissue, appears as chalk white area ,usually due to trauma or pancreatitis (pancreas)
Caseous Necrosis
characteristic of lung damage secondary to tuberculosis (bacterial infection; resembles clumpy cheese (lung)
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Side effects of chemotherapy
anemia
nausea
bleeding
infections
-oma
tumor
carcinoma
cancerous tumor (begins in kin or tissue that lines or covers body organs)
sarcoma
malignant tumor (begins in bone or in soft tissue of the body)
staging
the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis (stage 0 to 4)
grading
a way to classify cancer cells & is done by a pathologist
Degree of malignancy & differentiation
Low Grade (Grade I, II)
High Grade (Grade III, IV)
Deficits in immune system function in cancer
chemotherapy
cancer cells
cancer metastasis to bone marrow
malnutrition
tumor marker functions
help determine cancer origin
help identify progression of cancer
Hypersensitivity Type I
strong genetic or herediatry linkage regarding IgE responses (allergens)
immediate hypersensitivity
release of histamine
Hypersensitivity Type II
tissue specific, cytotoxic, or cytolytic hypersensitivity
occurs when antibodies attack antigens on surface of specific cells or tissues; causing lysis
Ex: Transfusion reaction; hemolytic disease of newborn
Hypersensitivity III
immune complex reaction
immune & phagocytic systems fail to effectively remove antigen-antibody immune complexes
Ex: immune complex glomerulonephritis; systemic lupus erythematosus
myeloma
Malignant disorder of mature antibody-secreting B lymphocytes called plasma cells; tumor of the bone marrow
acute lymphoid leukemia
immature lymphocytes predominate; malignant disorder of lymphoid cells. Transformation of B lymphocytes w/remaining T lymphocytes
Transfusion reactions involve RCB destruction caused by
recipient antibodies
Red Blood Cells
have no cytoplasmic organelles
iron deficiency has low
MCHC
MCH
MCV
Carbon dioxide
is transported in the bloodstream as bicarbonate ion
bilirubin
can detect excessive RBC lysis
Erythropoietin
produced by the kidneys
Aplastic anemia
leads to pancytopenia
pernicious anemia is due to
lack of intrinsic factor
Glucos-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency anemia occurs when
exposed to certain drugs
Functions of the circulatory system
transport, protection, regulation
carries oxygen, nutrients, & hormones to cells and removes waste products like carbon dioxide. [Show Less]