Cystitis - Infection of the bladder
Nephrotoxicity - Toxic to the kidneys
Ototoxicity - Toxic to hearing
HTN - Hypertension
Enzyme induction -
... [Show More] drugs stimulate the metabolism, can cause decreased pharmacological effects
Enzyme inhibition - occurs with concurred administration of 2+ drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes > inhibits drug metabolizing MIs and can lead to drug toxicity
Serum half-life - -the time required for the serum concentration of the drug to be decreased by half
-generally, takes 5 half-lives for drugs to be considered removed
-it could take several days for some drugs to become therapeutic (most work this way)
Serum drug level - measurement of a drug in the blood at a particular time
Onset - the time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
Peak - -highest blood level of the drug
-toxicity occurs if peak is too high
Duration - the length of time the drug concentration is sufficient to be therapeutic
Trough - -lowest blood level of the drug
-not enough of the drug to be effective, disease could come back
Pharmacodynamics - the study of what the drug does to the body
Therapeutic effect - a positive change in a faulty physiological system (the goal of drug therapy)
3 things drug receptors can do: - -increase/decrease the intercellular enzyme activity
-change the membrane permeability
-change synthesis and release of neuro hormones (which regulate various physiological processes)
5 reasons for pharmacotherapeutics: - 1. acute/cure: might sustain life/treat diseases
2. maintenance: the treatment of a chronic illness
3. supplemental: the body doesn't make enough of something (i.e. diabetics)
4. palliative: used to make the patient as comfortable as possible when no longer treating disease (i.e. EOL)
5. prophylactic: trying to prevent illness (i.e. antibiotics before surgery)
Additive interaction - when you take 2 drugs with similar pharmacological action can cause an increase in adverse effects (often the cause of OD)
Synergistic interaction - taking 2 drugs with different mechanisms of action can cause greater effects
Antagonistic interaction - combination 2 drugs resulting in effects that are less than the sum of the effects if they were taken separately
Incompatibility interaction - when two perinatal drugs are mixed together resulting in a chemical deterioration of one or both drugs
Adverse drug events - could be medication error, adverse drug reaction, allergic reaction
2014 FDA Pregnancy Categories - A - no fetal risk
B - animal studies show no risk
C - a potential risk, drugs may be used
D - Evidence of fetal risk, but potential benefit to mother may be acceptable
X - demonstrated fetal risk outweighs any benefit
2015 FDA Pregnancy Categories - Pregnancy - risk, clinical considerations and data
Lactation risk, clinical considerations and data
Females and Males of Reproductive potential
Neonatal/Pediatric:
Absorption - changes in gastric pH, less acidic when they are very young, have a s [Show Less]