NR 283 Exam 2 Concept Review
Skin and Skin Disorders
Signs and Symptoms and causes of:
Impetigo –highly contagious child-adult; threat to
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a. Cause: S. aureus or A group streptococcus
b. s/s: vesicles, yellowish-brown crust, pruritus,
Psoriasis
a. Cause: abnormal T cell activation
b. s/s: red patches, silvery scales, dry/cracked skin, itching, burning, or soreness,
swollen/stiff joints, ridged nails
Herpes Simplex 1 “cold sore”
a. Cause: asymptomatic; virus remains latent, reoccurrence triggered by common cold, sun exposure, stress
a. s/s: burning/tingling sensation at site, painful vesicles
Nevi “moles”
a. Cause: genetics, acquired through aging, or sun exposure
b. s/s: can be benign or malignant, small brown, tan, or pink spots
Keloids
a. cause: scar tissue grows excessively
b. s/s: lumpy/ridged/raised area, continues to grow larger w/ scar tissue
Varicella “chicken pox”
a. cause: varicella-zoster virus VZR (systemic infection)
b. s/s: itchy, red vesicles
Herpes Zoster “shingles”
a. cause: latent VZR
b. s/s: pain, burning, numbness or tingling, touch sensitivity, red rash, itching
Pemphigus –common in young children
a. cause: autoimmune disorder; body produces antibodies that damage cells in skin
b. s/s: blisters, painful open sores susceptible to secondary infections
Uticaria “hives”
a. cause: result of type I hypersensitivity
b. s/s: highly pruritic, hard raised erythromatous lesions scattered all over body
Secondary Infections
Candidiasis “thrush”
a. cause: candida (yeast)
b. s/s: white patches on tongue, soreness, & dysphagia
Tinea Capitus “ringworm”
a. cause: fungal infection; Trichophyton canis
b. s/s: pruritic patches on scalp, scaly, painful, circular bald patch
Skin Cancers
a. Cause: aging or skin damage
b. s/s: Sore that doesn’t heal
c. Change in shape, size, color, or texture of a lesion, new moles or odd shape of lesion, lesion bleeds repeatedly
Definitions:
Pustule- elevated, erythematous lesion, purulent exudate
Vesicle- elevated containing clear fluid (blister)
Macule- small, flat lesion, diff color than normal skin; freckles, sun spots
Papule- firm, elevated warts
Carbuncle- boil
Respiratory:
Know signs and symptoms, causes and spread (if applicable) of the following:
Pulmonary Edema
a. Cause: L side heart failure, increased pulm pressure
b. s/s: pink frothy sputum, decreased or absent breathing
Status Asthmaticus –persistent severe asthma attack
a. cause: inadequate medical treatment of asthma
b. s/s: bluish tint to lips, shortness of breath, orthopnea
Asthma
a. cause: genetics or environmental factors
b. s/s: cough, tightness in chest, wheezing, dysphasia, breathing is rapid and labored
Emphysema
a. causes: smoking, genetics
b. s/s: some cough, dyspnea
COPD
a. cause: smoking, air pollution
b. s/s: cough, wheezing, barrel chest, cyanosis
Chronic Bronchitis
a. cause: history of smoking, air pollution
b. constant cough, tachypnea w/ shortness of breath, secretion are thick & purulent, hypoxia leading to cyanosis or hypercapnia, severe weight loss
Pneumonia
a. cause: infection in lung(s) by bacteria, virus
b. s/s: cough producing phlegm, fever, sweating, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain
Cystic Fibrosis
a. Causes: autosomal rec, thick, sticky mucous obstructing airway
b. S/S: salty skin, foul stool, distended abdomen
Tuberculosis
a. Causes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (affects the lungs)
b. s/s: anorexia, malaise (feeling of discomfort not easily identified), fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, prolonged cough, purulent sputum contains blood
Pulmonary Embolism
a. cause: clotting disorders, pulm hypertension, sepsis
b. s/s: dyspnea, chest pain, anxiety, tachycardia, tachypnea
• Know how to perform ABG Interpretation and the causes for Acid/Base imbalances
Acidosis CO2 Normal Alkalosis HCO3
Respiratory 7.35 pH= 7.40 Metabolic 7.45
45 CO2= 40 35
22 HCO3= 24 26
Definitions of:
• Hemoptysis- coughing blood
• Orthopnea- occurs when lying down; pt must sit up
• Rhinorrhea- mucus discharge from nose “runny nose”
• Cyanosis- bluish skin
• Hypoxia – deficient O2 in tissues
• Hypoxemia- deficient O2 on blood
• Ischemia- deficient blood supply to organs
• Dyspnea- labored breathing
Cardiovascular
Deep Vein Thrombosis:
a. Cause: blood clots, poor blood circulation, inactivity
b. s/s: swelling in leg(s), pain/tenderness, warm skin on legs, red/discolored leg(s), veins are swollen, red, hard, & tender to touch
c. complications: clots can break off & cause pulm embolism
• Baroreceptors- detects changes in Bp
• Varicose Veins- dilated veins; cause: genetic, older age, overweight, prolonged standing, pregnancy
•
• Angina: Signs and symptoms, types, causes, treatment, medication, pathophysiology, complications
Angina= Chest pain
Patho: decrease in in O2 to the heart
Cause: increase in physical activity or stress that increases the demand by the heart for O2
s/s: pallor, diaphoresis (excessive sweating), nausea
types:
a. stable: overworking
b. unstable: chest pain at rest (pre heart attack “myocardial inf”)
c. variant angina metal: vasospasms
Tx: rest, antianxiety & stress reducing techniques
Med: nitroglycerin- reduces cardiac workload
Coronary Artery Disease: What it is, signs and symptoms, complications
1. Arteriosclerosis- loss of elasticity; arteries “thick & hard”
2. Atherosclerosis- plaque buildup “atheroma”
Cause:
a. Non modifiable: genetics, age, gender
Modifiable: smoking, high fat diet, alcohol, sedentary life, hypertension, diabetes, oral contraceptives w/smoking
s/s: anginas, arm leg paresthesia, high Bp, slurred or dysphasia, pain when walking
Myocardial Infarction “heart attack”
• patho: coronary artery becomes blocked
• cause: thrombus buildup, atherosclerosis, pulm embolism
• s/s: (women- GI discomfort & indigestion), pallor, diaphoresis, nausea, dizziness/weakness, dyspnea, anxiety/fear, hypotension, low grade fever
• diagnoses:ECG, serum enzyme, serum electrolyte, ABG, leukocytosis
• med: heparin or warfarin (anticoagulant), digoxin (support heart function), morphine (calming)
• complications: death, cardiogenic shock, thromboembolism, CHF (cong heart fail)
Hypertension “high Bp”…silent killer Bp consistently around 140/90
• Patho: long term high Bp= sclerotic arteries= arteries become narrow= increasing Bp
• Cause: genetics (common in Afr Am males), high Na intake, excessive acohol intake, obesity, prolonged/recurrent stress
1. Primary hypertion
• Cause: overweight, smokers, Afri Am male, age, sedentary life
• s/s: non “silent killer”
• risks: myocardial inf, stroke, blindness, kidney fail
2. Secondary hypertension
• Cause: renal fail, diabetes mellitus
• s/s: non
• risks: myocardial inf, stroke, blindness, kidney fail
3. Malignant hypertension
• Cause: renal fail, renal hypertension
• s/s:
• risks: organ damage, CNS damage, renal damage
Right CHF:
• patho: heart can’t pump hard enough
• cause: R ventricle infarction, pulm valve stenosis, pulm disease (cor pulmonale)
• s/s:
forward (decreased output): perfusion, poor healing, fatigue, weakness dyspnea, exercise intolerance, cold intolerance
backward: backflow into body leads to edema, jugular vein distension, ascites (edema in abdomen)
Left CHF:
• patho: heart can’t pump hard enough
• cause: hypertension, L ventricle infarction, hyperthyroidism, aortic valve stenosis
• s/s:
forward (decreased output): fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, cold intolerance
backward: orthopnea, pink frothy sputum, shortness of breath, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hemoptysis, rales (crackling during auscultation)
Cardiac arrest: “myocardial inf” all circulation stops; heart stops beating
Orthostatic Hypotension: dizziness when moving from supine to standing position
Sympathetic and parasympathetic Nervous system and the effect on the heart
Acute Pericarditis: Signs and Symptoms
Endocarditis: Signs and Symptoms
Aneurysms: Types and complications
1. saccular: bulging on one side of artery wall
2. fusiform: dilation of an entire section of the artery
3. aortic dissection: tear in the wall & continues to tear as blood flows
Blood and Blood Disorders
Universal Donor and patho behind it
Anemia: Different types (Iron deficiency, Pernicious, Sickle Cell, Hemolytic, Aplastic) cell appearance, causes, signs and symptoms, treatment.
Polycythemia Vera: Causes, signs and symptoms, treatment
Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Signs and symptoms, causes
Erythropoiesis
Leukemia: uncontrolled WBCs
Petechiae
Purpura
Pancytopenia
Leukopenia: low WBCs
Leukocytosis: overproduction of WBCs [Show Less]